Unix Power Tools

Third Edition Oktober 2002
ISBN 978-0-596-00330-2
Seiten 1154
EUR67.00, EUR67.00

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Index
[ Symbols ], [ Numbers ], [ A ], [ B ], [ C ], [ D ], [ E ], [ F ], [ G ], [ H ], [ I ], [ J ], [ K ], [ L ], [ M ], [ N ], [ O ], [ P ], [ Q ], [ R ], [ S ], [ T ], [ U ], [ V ], [ W ], [ X ], [ Y ], [ Z ]

Symbols[ Top ]
< > (angle brackets)
      <
            << (here document) operator, 534, 560
            < (less than) operator, 385, 762, 846
            <= (less than or equal to) operator, 385, 762, 847
            <<- operator, removing tab characters, 535
            <<- operator, removing TABs with, 560
            < redirection character, 888
      >
            > as Bourne shell secondary prompt, 556
            > (greater than) operator, 762, 846
            >= (greater than or equal to) operator, 385, 762, 847
            > (redirection) operator, 891
            >& (redirection) operator, 891
            > tcsh shell prompt, 11
            >> (Unix redirect and append) operator, 317
      < >, enclosing event names, 132
      \< \> regular expression metacharacters, 643, 652
      <=> (comparison) operator in Perl, 847
      <-> filename wildcard, 659
{ } (braces)
      \{ \} regular expression metacharacters, 642, 651
      awk procedures, enclosing, 381
      dereferencing, use in, 852
      filename wildcards, 659
      find command, 180, 187
      GNU find command and, 181
      in shells, 20, 661
      pattern-expansion characters
            building strings with, 545-547
            for loop, using with, 557
            foreach loop, using with, 555
      quoting alias argument in, 574
      sed commands enclosed in, 694
      shell functions, using in, 582
      variable values, interpolating, 704
[ ] (brackets)
      [^ ] filename wildcard, 659
      [ command, 735
            numeric tests, syntax errors, 777
            string text syntax errors, 778
      bash shell prompts, nonprinting characters, 80
      range operator, 405
      references to lists in Perl, 852
      regular expression metacharacters, 651
            ^ (caret) within, 641
            character classes, 855
            range, specifying, 640
      wildcards, 544, 658
            fast find commands, using with, 189
( ) (parentheses)
      \(\)
            escaped-parenthesis operators in sed, 678, 768
            find command operator, 172
            regular expression metacharacters, 644, 651
      commands printed in by ps, 462
      grouping operator, 251
            combining commands with, 893
            extended regular expressions, 645
            Perl regular expressions, 855
            use in Unix programs, 652
      nesting regular expressions in, 250
      operator precedence, overriding with, 635
      Perl operators, resolving ambiguity in, 848
      subshell operator, 45, 895
& (ampersand)
      &! background operator, Z shell, 446
      &| background operator, Z shell, 446
      && (Boolean AND) operator, 216, 381, 564, 605, 718, 842, 847
      & (logical AND) operator, 763
      commands ending with, 436, 438, 454
      metacharacter in regular expressions, 677
* (asterisk)
      ** filename wildcard (zsh), 659
      *** filename wildcard (zsh), 659
      arithmetic operator (multiplication), 762
      executable files, denoting in ls -F listings, 164
      filename wildcard, 658, 659
      multiplication operator, 846
      regular expression metacharacter, 636, 637
            quantifier in Perl, 855
            repeating character sets with, 641
            use in Unix programs, 651
      shell metacharacter, 636
      wildcard character, 19, 189
@ (at sign)
      @ARGV array, 844
      csh built-in operator, 545
      filename wildcard, 659
      files as symbolic links, in ls -F listings, 164
      for array names, 848
      in Perl array values, 844
      @INC array, 841, 844
      kill character, 106
` (backquotes)
      \` \`, nested command substitution, 769
      arguments, reading, 565
      capturing command output in an array, 855
      command substitution operators, 96, 170, 561
            excluding files from deletion, 275
            getopt, using with, 731
            nesting, 562
      command substitution with, 174
      expr command, running with, 764
      for loops combined with, 750
      quoting in Bourne shell, 528
      redirecting standard output, 756
\ (backslash)
      \(\)
            regular expression metacharacters, 644
      \{ \} regular expression metacharacters, 642, 651
      \! operator (C shell), 572, 575
      \(\) regular expression metacharacters, 651
      \1, \2, ... metacharacters, recalling remembered patterns, 644
      escaping regular expression delimiters in sed, 676
      escaping regular expression metacharacters, 638
      extended regular expressions and, 646
      in X Window System resource definitions, 130
      multiline pipes in C shell scripts, 725
      multiple-line statements in Python, 871
      Perl variables, preventing interpolation in, 845
      quoting newlines in sed, 697
      regular expression metacharacters
            \< \>, matching words with, 643
            use in Unix programs, 651
      shell, terminal and program quoting, conflicts in, 540
\ (backspace), stripping from formatted manpages, 35
^ (caret)
      [^ ] filename wildcard, 659
      ^[ (ESC character), 158
      ^^ sequence in history substitution, 596
      beginning of line anchor in regular expressions, 637, 638
      beginning of line indicator in various utilities, 639
      filename wildcard, 659
      in control keys, 105
      regular expression metacharacter
            matching at beginning of line (Perl), 854
            matching newline at the beginning of a multiline pattern space, 685
            negating character classes with, 650
            use in Unix programs, 651
            within [ ] metacharacters, 641
      ^xy^yx, shorthand substitution command, 602
: (colon)
      between item=attribute values, 159
      Bourne shell operator, 746
            parameter substitution, use in, 747
      command in vi, 309, 335
      in command-line options, 731
      ex commands, issuing from vi, 370
      logical operator, 763
      as null character, 717
      :p operator, printing command without executing it, 605
      separating fields, 11, 101
      separating terminal type values, 96
      shell script comments, 742
      string editing operators, 547-549
      translation table, event and action mappings, 132
, (comma) in filenames, 17
- (dash)
      -> (dereferencing) operator, 844, 852
      - numerical subtraction operator, 846
      command-line arguments starting with, 728, 729, 731
      double dashes, converting to em-dashes in sed, 693
      filenames starting with, 271
      subtraction arithmetic operator, 762
      with << operator, 535
$ (dollar sign)
      $( ) command substitution operator, 563, 769
      $* argument, 765, 779
      $@ argument, 725, 726, 765, 779
            passing arguments to getopt, 731
            replacement by arguments passed to function, 581
      $# command-line argument, 726
      $- variable, displaying current flags, 49
      $_ variables in Perl, 848, 853
      $0 parameter, script names in, 737
      $1, $2, etc., command-line arguments in, 583
      $1 command-line arguments, 720, 725
      in bash shell prompt, 11, 72
      inside double quotes in C shell quoting, 532
      end of line anchor in regular expressions, 638
      end of line indicator in various utilities, 165, 639
      $Id $ in RCS files, 815
      metacharacter in regular expressions and shells, 536
      quoting in Bourne shell, 528
      regular expression metacharacter
            matching at end of line (Perl), 854
            matching newline at the end of multiline pattern space, 685
            use in Unix programs, 651
      sed addressing symbol, 673
      value of Bourne shell exit status variable (?), getting, 715
      variable names, preceding, 704, 713, 844
      as wildcard, 714
. (dot)
      . and .. in directories, 202, 207
      . and .. in pathnames, 24
      . command, reading files with, 737
      ./ (dot slash), filenames beginning with, 271
      .. (integer-range) operator in zsh, 546
      . (string concatenation) operator, 846
      in filenames, 16, 19
      filenames beginning with, 273
            ls command and, 163
            wildcards and, 660
      regular expression metacharacter, 636
            matching any character (except newline) in Perl, 854
            matching any character with, 640
            use in Unix programs, 651
      relative pathname for current directory, 620
      repeat command in vi editor, 313
= (equal sign)
      => (fat comma) operator in Perl, 850
      == (numeric equality) operator, 846
      =~ (pattern binding) operator, 854
      == (relational) operator, 385
      in alias definitions, 575, 576
      assignment operator, 844
      relational operator, 762, 763
      socket files, 164
! (exclamation point)
      [! ] filename wildcards, 658
      ! (Boolean NOT) operator, 381
      ! (logical negation) operator, 172, 847
            with find command, 179
      != (not equal) operator, 385, 762, 846
      !~ (pattern-matching) operator, 385
      !$, specifying last argument on previous line, 639
      in C shell quoting, 532
      command line exit status, reversing in bash and zsh, 716
      filename wildcard, 659
      filtering vi text through Unix command, 322
      find command operator, 249
      history substitution commands, 599
            !! and !: sequences, 599
            !$ notation, 572
            !* notation, 572
            !$ sequence, 595, 597, 601
            !* sequence, 601
            !^ sequence, 601
            bash shell quoting and, 527
            !:n* sequence, 595
      regular expression metacharacter
            sed editor replacements, 693
      sed address followed by, 672
      test command using, 735
      in X Window System comments, 130
# (hash mark)
      # and ## filename wildcards, 660
      : (colon) used in place of, 746
      #! notation, 516, 743
            in Bourne shell scripts, 698
            in Perl scripts, 843
      in comments, 742
            # $Id $, commenting RCS files in a shell or Perl script, 815
      dynamic prompts in tcsh and zsh shells, 72
      erase character, 106
      in crontab entries, 491
      shell prompt for zsh shells, 528
      vi editor, alternate filename, 310
% (percent sign)
      %?, prefixing job numbers, 440
      arithmetic operator (modulus), 762
      formatting operator in Python, 875
      in shell prompts
            %{ and %} delimiters for nonprinting escape sequences, 80
            %# (dynamic prompt), tcsh and zsh shells, 72
            %! for zsh hisotry number, 72
            C (csh) shell, 11
      vi editor, current filename, 310
+ (plus sign)
      ++ (autoincrement) operator, 846
      + operator (one or more), 250
      addition (arithmetic) operator, 635, 762, 846
      data command option, 170
      filename wildcard, 659
      in job numbers, 439
      regular expression metacharacter, 250, 645, 652
            quantifier in Perl, 855
? (question mark)
      ?) wildcard metacharacters in case statements, 714
      ?*) wildcard metacharacters in case statements, 714
      Bourne shell variable for command exit status, 715
      filename wildcard, 658, 659
      nonprinting characters, converting to with ls -q, 166
      regular expression metacharacter, 250, 645
            quantifier in Perl, 855
            use in Unix programs, 652
      as secondary shell prompt, 555
      shell wildcard, matching with fast find commands, 189
      wildcard character, 19
" (quotes, double)
      $ and ' inside, in C shell quoting, 532
      around filenames, renaming files and, 212
      converting straight quotes to curly quotes with sed, 693
      for comments in vi .exrc file, 335
      in command arguments, 8
      in prompts, 71, 75, 76, 80
      in regular expressions, 250
      in sed scripts, 783
      in shell quoting, 527, 528, 531
      ls -Q command output, 165
      passing wildcards to programs, 661
      search patterns in csplit program, 403
      shell arrays, expanded values, 196
      variable interpolation in Perl, 845
      wildcard pattern matching in case statements, 714
' (quotes, single)
      ; (semicolon), using with in C shell, 180
      around filenames, renaming files and, 212
      in alias quoting, 573, 575
      in bash pre-prompt commands, 88
      in prompts, 71, 76, 80
      in shell quoting, 527, 528, 531
            inside double quotes (C shell), 532
      passing wildcards to programs, 661
      regular expressions, quoting, 634
      strings in case statements, 714
; (semicolon)
      code separator in color escape sequences, 158
      separating awk procedures, 381
      separating commands, 563, 722
            in case statements, 714
            find -exec and, 180
      in shell functions, 581
/ (slash)
      /* $Id $ */, commenting C program RCS files, 815
      /*/* wildcard metacharacters in case statements, 714
      arithmetic operator (division), 762
      arithmetic opertor (division), 846
      Bourne-type shells, quoting and, 527
      delimiter for regular expressions in sed, 675
      directory, denoting in ls -F listings, 164
      in filenames, 16, 19
      in pathnames, 24, 619
            wildcard matching across, 801
            absolute pathnames, 13
            tar archives and, 796
      search patterns in vi editor, delimiting, 314
      shell, treatment of, 189
~ (tilde)
      ~ and !~ (pattern-matching) operators, 385
      abbreviation for any directory, 575
      filenames ending with, 629
            Emacs backup files, 17, 161
      for home directory, 51, 629, 148
      in pathnames, 24
_ (underscore)
      ASCII class for, 110
      in filenames, 16
| (vertical bar)
      || (Boolean OR) operator, 381, 564, 717, 847
            testing scripts with, 718
      |& operator, 891
      alternation operator, 250, 251, 854
      bitwise or operator, 844
      command separator in ex editor, 320
      filename wildcard, 659
      files, named pipe (FIFO), 164
      logical OR operator, 763
      noclobber variable and, 892
      pipes, 9
            redirecting standard output, 756, 757
      regular expression metacharacter
            alternation in pattern matching, 645
            use in Unix programs, 652
      separating multiple ex editor commands, 344
      wildcard metacharacter in case statements, 714

Symbols[ Top ]
\ (backslash)
      in alias quoting, 573
      before newline, shell quoting and, 530, 532
      in prompt settings, 87
      in shell quoting, 527
            Bourne shell, 528
            C shell, 531

Numbers[ Top ]
:0 (zero) operator, in history substitutions, 600
0 (zero) process ID, 474
-1 process ID, 474

A[ Top ]
abbreviations for words, vi editor, 328-331
      commands, using as, 330
      .exrc files, saving in, 312
      fixing typos with, 330
abbreviations in pathnames, 24
absolute pathnames, 13, 618
      archiving with, 813
      creating, 619
      to directory containing new search path, 519
      Emacs and, 363
      links to, 210, 212
      in shell setup files, 51
      tar, avoiding with, 803
access control
      files (see permissions)
      firewalls, using, 949
      host-based, rsh command and, 143
      incoming connections, with tcp_wrappers, 942
      remote access (see ssh)
      Samba, 953, 956
      sshd program, 943
      user-based, xauth command and, 143
access method for software package files, choosing, 826-828
access modes for files, 263
      private directory, 150
      setting for files with find, 183
      supplying with mkdir command, 153
      (see also permissions)
access times for files, 155
      -atime operator with find, 177
            locating files by, 274
      last-access time, showing, 156
accidental file deletion, protecting against, 265
accounting name for commands, 462
accounts
      protecting, 969
      setup, changing, 50
      (see also groups; users)
addresses
      IP, 937
            displayed with netstart -n, 940
            displaying with dig, 941
            hostname mapping to, 945
      NAT (Network Address Translation), 948, 950
      sed editor, 672-674
      TCP and UDP, 937
addressing lines for batch editing, 369
adduser (or useradd) utility, 984
Adobe Acrobat Reader and PDF, 930
Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver (Amanda), 806
afio utility, 795
age of files, 168
agents
      -agent option, ssh, 799
      compromised machines in DDoS attacks, 973
      SSH, problems with, 1019-1021
agrep command (approximate grep), 247, 251
      compound searches with, 256, 257
      -d option, 252
      multiple patterns with AND (or OR) queries, 252
AIX
      OpenSSH, 1012
      ps command, 459
alias command, 572
      Bourne-type shells, 574
      -d (directory) option, 575
      -g (global) option in zsh shell, 576
      -m (match) option, 576
      -t (tracked) option, 575
aliases, 13, 571-581
      !* sequence in, 601
      Bourne-type shells, 574
            removing, 575
      C shell, 46, 50
            if-then-else in, 579
            with command-line arguments, 572-574
      for cd command, 627, 77
      changing to shell functions, 581
      clean, removing stale files with, 275
      for constant-width fonts, 112
      defined on command lines, 571
      file-deletion, 266
      findpt, 249
      group-write permissions, 997
      inside the ($?prompt) test, 53
      kill command and, 475
      Korn shell, 575
      limitations of, 576
      lr, listing recently changed files, 162
      ls command, 163
      newer (printing newest filename), 169
      permission changes, handling with, 1002
      precmd (tcsh shell), 87
      prompt set inside, 76
      for pushd command, 626
      quoting, 572-574, 580
            fixing in csh with makealias and quote, 580
      reading logout file when using exit command, 52
      recursive, 578
      redefining commands, problems with, 579
      setprompt, 85
      shell functions and, 581
      simulating in Bourne shell, 591
      sourceable scripts, options for, 578
      tracked, 520
      wildcards in, 520
      word vectors and, 524
      zsh, 576
alphabetic sorting vs. numeric, 426
ALT key in Emacs, 354
alternation in regular expression pattern matching, 645, 854
alternation operator (|), 250, 251
Amanda (Advanced Maryland Automatic Network Disk Archiver), 806
anacron system, 489
anchors (in regular expressions), 637
      ^ and $ anchor characters, 638
      anchor characters, examples of, 639
and (-a) operator, case command, 770
AND operator, 177
      && (Boolean) AND, 381, 564, 605
      & (logical AND) operator, 763
      agrep command, searching for multiple patterns, 252
and operator (Boolean), 847
Ange-ftp mode (Emacs), 357
anonymous FTP, 534
      server, configuring, 944
anonymous functions (Python), 872
Apache webserver, module for running Python, 876, 879
append command (ex), 370
applications
      default files for resources, 139
      names of, resources and, 135
      relationship with kernel, shell, and utilities, 8
      running remotely and viewing on local display, 140
appres (application resource) utility, 139
approximate patterns, searching for (see agrep command)
apsfilter script, 932
apt-get tool, 832-834
archives, 808-821
      Amanda system, 806
      copying without asking for password, 799
      CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network), 841
      cpio tape archiver, 805
      deleted files on tape, 274
      filename extensions, 17
      packing up and moving files, 808
      shell, 18
      tar (see tar utility)
      version control systems, 814
            CVS, 818-821
            RCS, 815-818
arguments
      executing as commands (xarg command), 174
      filenames in, 533
      finding last, 749
      iterating shell variables over, 779
      maximum allowable, 566
      passed to scripts, 12
      passing lists to other programs with $@, 780
      Python functions, 872
            lambdas as, 873
      reading by shells, 526
      separators for, 527, 532
            C shell quoting and, 533
            inside backquotes, 562
      showargs script, 518
      stored in $1, $2, etc., 583
      too many, dealing with, 565-567
      (see also command line; commands)
"arguments too long" error message, 174
@ARGV array (Perl), 844
argv, variables set to, 779
arithmetic (built-in) for shells, 584
arithmetic operators, 762
array indexes, Perl, 411
arrays
      awk utility and, 383
      Perl, 844, 845, 848
            iterating through, 849
            lists vs., 849
            operators used with, 849
      shell
            browsing directories with, 194-197
            expanding ranges, 196
arrow keys
      cursor motion in vi text-input mode without using, 349
      Emacs editor, moving around in, 354
      mapping in vi, 339
ASCII
      converting to EBCDIC with dd, 410
      encoding binary files into, 406-410
            MIME encoding, 408-410
            uuencoding, 407
      end-of-line characters, 11
      filename extension, 18
      "printable" representation of unprintable and non-ASCII characters, 237
      xterm table of characters and character classes, 110
      zeros (NUL characters), 899
      (see also non-ASCII characters)
ash shell, 10, 513
aspell utility, 297
      -a option, 298
Assembly language code extension, 17
assignment operator (=), 844
associative arrays, 167
      awk utility, 383
      (see also hashes)
at commands, 489, 495-498
      atq command, 496, 497
      atrm command, removing jobs in queue, 496
      -l option, 497
      limiting file size, 281
      quieting output, 496
      -r option, 497
AT environment variable, 54
atan2 command (awk), 383
-atime operator (find command), 178
atomic operation, testing for and creating lockfile, 772
attribute code (bold, underscore, etc.), 159
Audio::SoundFile module, 842
authentication
      PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules), 1015
      with SMB server, 955
      SSH, 1012
            problems with, 1013-1019
autoconf utility, 825
autoincrement (++) operator, 846
autoloading shell functions, 587
      Korn shells, 589
automake utility, 825
automated deletion commands, risks of, 274
automatic directory setup, 630
automating /bin/passwd, 568-570
auto-save file (Emacs), 358
autowrite (vi), job control and, 442
awk utility, 367, 378-389
      arrays and, 383
      associative arrays, 167
      centering lines, 397
      command-line syntax, 379
      counting files by types, 167
      echo command, using with, 765
      eval compared to, 724
      extended regular expressions, use of, 637, 645
      -f option, 744
      grep programs, 248
      lexical analyzer, 306
      line-by-line and search using, 256
      line-numbering with, 246
      operators, 382
      patterns, 380
      procedures, 381
      regular expressions, documentation for, 653
      running directly, 743
      searching for a character in a column, 258
      sorting lines by length, 429
      straightening columns, 415
      variables, 382, 383
      wrappeing awk programs in shell scripts, 724

B[ Top ]
b (branch) command, sed editor, 693, 694
background color, 159
background jobs, 454
      bringing into foreground with fg command, 438
      killing, 436
      listing with their job numbers, 436
      notification of state change in, 444
      putting into foreground, 436
      suspending with stop command, 436
background processes, 14-16, 435, 454
      exit status
            testing with if statement, 716
      exit status of, 715
      listing with jobs command, 438
      output from, stopping, 444
      overloading system with, 441
      preventing continuation after logout, 473
      running at lower priority with nice command, 441
      shell capabilities for manipulating, 438
      stopping automatically upon attempt to write to screen, 436
      watching, 498
backquotes (see `, under Symbols)
BACKSPACE key, 105
      Emacs editor, 354
      erase character, 783
      location for, 60
backup files
      bkedit script, 717
      Emacs, 17, 358
            ignoring with ls -B, 161
      file ownership and, 999
      ispell program, 297
      macro for creation in vi editor, 351
-backup option (xrdb), 138
backups, 787-807
      compression, advantages and disadvantages of, 794
      cpio tape archiver, 805
      excluding files from, 799
      GNU tar, using with remote tape drive, 798
      incremental, 798-800
      industrial strength, 806
      making to a local device, 790-795
            deciding what to back up, 791
            floppies or zip disks, 794
            tape, 792
      making your own, 788
      protecting against accidental file deletions, 265
      RCS and CVS, 814
      to remote tape drive using tar, 797
      restoring files from tape with tar, 795
            remote restoring, 797
            restoring a few files, 796
      tar utility, 788
            absolute pathnames, avoiding, 803
            avoiding absolute pathnames, 803
            options for, 790
            tar command line arguments, order of, 804
            wildcards, using, 800-803
      utilities for, 795
      versions control systems, using, 790
barewords used as hash keys, 850
base64 encoding, 408
basename program, 751
      bugs in, 752
      examples, 748
      loops, using with, 752
bash (Bourne-again shell), 10, 513
      { } (pattern-expansion characters), 545
      aliases, 571, 574
      arrays
            browsing directories with, 195
            expanding ranges, 196
      bash2, built-in kill command, 475
      BASH_ENV variable, 706
      .bashrc file, 47
      .bashrc or .bash_profile, hung terminals and, 101
      case statements, 54
      choosing built-in, external, or shell functions, 523
      command history (see history of commands)
      command-line editing, 614
      completion features, 549
            hostnames, 551
      disown command, 446
      dynamic prompts, simulating, 72
      editing history substitutions, 547
      environment variables for shell functions, changing, 586
      environment variables, unsetting, 704
      exit status of command line, reversing, 716
      exporting shell functions, 586
      fc -l command, listing previous commands with, 598
      forcing to use internal exit command, 52
      globbing (wildcard expansion), preventing, 660
      hash command, 520
      history file, 606
      history -r command, cautions about, 598
      ignoreeof variable, 90
      job control commands, 436
      limiting file size, 280
      loading changed PATH, 519
      login and nonlogin, startup files, 48
      logout file, running commands when logging out, 89
      octal character strings, 80
      parameter expansion shortcuts, 780
      passing command history to, 608
      pre-prompt commands, 87, 88
      process substitution, 542
      prompts, 71
            $ in, 11
            newline (\n) character in, 77
            nonprinting escape characters, 80
            showing directory stack, 85
            subshell level, showing, 83
      read-only functions, 585
      redirecting standard I/O, 887
      scripts in this book, 516
      SHLVL environment variable, 82
      showargs script, 518
      special characters/operators, 536-539
      string editing operators, 748
      stty tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal, 445
      terminal port type, putting into ttykind shell variable, 58
      ulimit -c command, removing limits on core dumps, 281
      wildcards, failing to match, 662
      (see also bsh; shell scripts; shells)
BASH_ENV environment variable, 706
.bash_login file, 47
.bash_profile file, 47
      CDPATH variable, 623
.bashrc file
      CDPATH variable, 623
      logout file, making all top-level interactive shells read, 52
batch editing, 367-389
      awk utility, 378-389
            command-line syntax, 379
            operators, 382
            patterns and procedures, 380
            system variables, 382
      changing many files by editing one, 373-375
      ed editor
            example, 375
            failure on big files, 376
      ex editor
            example, 375
            useful commands, 370-372
      line addressing, 369
      patch program, 377
      running scripts in vi, 373
      scripts, writing, 368
BEGIN and END patterns, awk, 380
behead script, 395, 409
Bell Labs research operating system (Plan 9), 10
Berkeley Internet Name Daemon (bind), 946
      DNS cache, setting up local, 947
Berkeley-based Unix
      ex, vi, view, edit commands, linked to same executable file, 748
      group file ownership, 998
      printing commands, 915
      tr command, ranges in, 405
bg command, 436, 438
      putting jobs in background, 102
bgnice option (ksh), 482
bg_nice option (zsh), 482
/bin directory, 149, 822, 823
      /bin/passwd, automating, 568-570
      /bin/time utility, 503
      programs in, 13
      remote shell (rsh), 143
binary characters, inserting into Emacs files, 363
binary files
      accessible by users in /usr/bin subdirectory, 822
      archiving system test file, 803
      encoding into ASCII, 406-410
            MIME encoding, 408-410
            uuencoding, 407
      executables, access time updates, 274
      searching for words in, 259
      system, in /sbin directory, 823
bind (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon), 946
      DNS cache, setting up, 947
bind command, 613
      -l option, 614
binding operator (=~), 854
bindkey command
      -c option, 613
      -k option, 612
      -l option, 612
      tcsh editing, 611-613
      -v option, 615
bit bucket, 279
bitmaps, 934
bitwise or (|) operator, 844
bkedit script, 717
      ending and setting exit status, 720
      parameter substitution in, 747
blank lines, squashing extras, 241
blank shell prompts, 83
blocks
      of bytes, counting with tail -b command, 243
      of code, defining in Python, 871
      of text, defining with patterns, 317
      of related options in smb.conf files, 952
body of email, forming properly, 410
bold text, 116, 158
Boolean operators, 847
      combining awk patterns with, 381
/boot directory, 823
boot -v command, 901
boundary-checking versions of C functions, 972
Bourne shells, 10, 513
      newlines in prompts, 77
      profile file, 45
      scripts in this book, running on, 516
      types of, 515
      (see also bash; ksh; sh; zsh)
branch (b) command, sed editor, 693, 694
break command, 623, 730
      awk, 384
broken links, 208
browseable option (smb.conf), 953
browsers
      closing window by killing its processes, 485
      for Samba, 957
      SMB network, 956
      text copied from, reformatting, 121
BSD Unix
      file ownership, 1009
      Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, support of, 823
      group membership, 987
      make utility, versions of, 824
      nice command, 507, 508
            C shell, 508
      ps -a command, 461
      ps -aux command, 457
      ps -ax command, 462
      renice command, 507, 510
      signals, 468
      user/group infrastructure, 982
bsplit utility, 399
buffer overflow, security vulnerability, 972
buffers
      edited, saving as files in vi, 316
      hold space in sed, 680-683
      numbered, recovering vi editor deletions in, 313
      pattern space in sed, 680
      pipes, buffering of output, 894
      recovered with vi -r, cautions about, 325
      vi editor, using to copy and move text, 313
buildhash script, 302
built-in commands, 523
      builtin command, forcing use with, 523
      C shell, determining whether to use, 524
      faster prompt setting with, 74
      shells, 13
bunzip2 file decompression program, 283
button presses
      defining with xmodmap, 124-127
byte order, converting with dd, 410
bzip2 utility, 283, 790, 794

C[ Top ]
c function (for changing directories), 627
C language
      C mode for programming in Emacs, 356
      csh shell, 9, 10
      interoperability of programs on different Unix systems, 6
      lexical analyzer for syntax checking, 306
      program file extensions, 17, 18
      tcsh shell, 10
C shell (csh), 453, 513, 515
      { } (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with, 545
      { and } and ; (with find command), 180
      !^ and !$, specifying first and last arguments on previous line, 639
      aliases, 571
            if-then-else in, 579
            with command-line arguments, 572-574
      arrays, 195
            expanding ranges, 196
      avoiding alias loops, 578
      background processing, 438
      built-in string operators, 74
      choosing among built-in commands, external commands, or shell functions, 524
      command history (see history of commands)
      configuration files, 51
            aliases, 50
      csh command name, 103
      .cshrc file, 46
      current directory, updating in status line, 77
      defining variables, 712
      editing history and variable substitutions, 547-549
      environment variables, unsetting, 704
      eval command, 96
      exit status of previous command, 715
      forcing to use internal exit command, 53
      foreach loop, 554
      globbing (wildcard expansion), 660
      :gt operator, 85
      history characters, 615
      history file, 607
      history (see history of commands)
      ignoreeof shell variable, 90
      limiting file size, 280
      .login file
            TERM variable, testing, 55
      .logout file, 89
      multiline commands, 559
      passing command history to, 608
      port, testing, 57
      prompt
            % in, 11
            problems caused by, 73
            setting, 71
      quotation marks around filenames, 212
      quoting in, 531-534
            here documents, 534
            rules for, 532-533
            showing with verbose and echo settings, 533
            special characters, 531
            special characters in filenames, 533
      redirecting standard I/O, 887, 891
            noclobber variable, 892
      rehash command, 150, 520
      repeating commands with repeat command, 554
      script file extension, 18
      search path for commands, changing, 519
      sed newlines quoting and backslashes in shell script, 697
      set echo verbose command, 101
      special characters/operators in, 536-539
      su -f stucklogin command, 100
      (see also shell scripts; shells; tcsh shell)
cable modems
      DHCP and, 948
      firewalls, 950
      gateways, 948
cache, DNS, 946
cancel command (System V), 917
canonical hostname, 941
capitalization (see case)
CAPS LOCK key, 125, 348
capturing in patterns, 855
carriage returns
      Macintosh, ASCII character for, 11
      translating to newlines, 406
case
      case sensitivity, 16
      case-insensitive searches, faking, 258
      case-insensitive sorts, 428
      case-sensitivity
            in regular expressions, 635
      converting to/from uppercase or lowercase
            awk utility, 388
            dd utility, 410
            filtering vi text through tr command, 323
            sed transform command, 683
            (see also tr command)
      ispell program and, 297
      :l operator, 549
      lc operator, 846
      sort command, sort order, 426
      :u operator, 549
      uc operator, 846
      uppercase letters in vi character and line commands, 332
      uppercase without CAPS LOCK in vi, 348
      vi and ex editors, capitalizing words, 320
case statements, 54
      adding to .profile to test TERM variable, 56
      debugging, 776
      port, testing, 57
      testing exit status for commands, 717
      testing pathnames for calling a script, 748
      testing tty name, 75
      testing two strings using, 770
      in while loop, handling arguments with, 728
      wildcard pattern matching, 714
      in xmessage command line, 772
cat command, 7, 234
      creating mail header with, 409
      -e option, marking ends of lines with $, 165
      exit status, testing, 718
      file, adding to end of another file, 517
      for loops combined with, 750
      -n option, 246
      redirecting I/O, 888
      -s option, squashing extra blank lines, 241
      starting pipelines, 888
      -t and -e options, displaying whitespace, 238
      -v -e options, 639
      -v option, 158, 237
      -v -t and -e options, displaying whitespace, 239
CBLKWID (comment block width) environment variable, 394
cd command, 13, 77, 620
      aliases for, 627
      cdpath variable and, 622
      +n and -n options (zsh), 626
      PWD environment variable and, 706
cdable_vars shell variable, 630
CDPATH environment variable, 622
cdpath shell variable, 622
CD-ROMs, 900
      cdrom protocol, 832
      loopback mounts, 907
      mounting, 905, 906
centering lines, script for, 397
CERT
      intruder detection checklist, 977
      safely setting up anonymous FTP, guide for, 944
      security checklists, 970
      security vulnerabilities, information about, 971
CGI scripts, Python module for, 876, 878
cgrep script, 255, 690-692
chain of processes to a window, 480-482
change command (ex), 370
change times for files, 154
      inode information, 156
            find -ctime, accessing with, 176
character classes
      for ASCII characters, 110
      defining in Perl regular expressions, 855
character commands in vi, 331
character sets (in regular expressions), 637
      exceptions to, indicating with [^ ], 641
      matching a character with, 639
      repeating with *, 641
character strings (see strings)
characters
      converting with tr command, 11
      counting with tail -c command, 243
      counting with wc command, 303, 304
      deleting from a file with dd, 396
      deleting in Emacs, 354
      nonprintable
            displaying with od -c command, 239
      nonprinting
            showing with cat -v or od -c, 237-239
            (see also special characters)
      ranges of, specifying for regular expressions, 640
      special (see special characters)
      translating with tr command, 404-406
charClass resource (xterm), 111
checkout command (co) in RCS, 815
checkout, CVS repository, 818
checksed script, 671
chess script, 570
chgrp command, 26
child processes, 454
      changes to environment of, 455
      environment variables, inheritance of, 703
      exit status returned to parent, 455
      file descriptors given to, 755
      killing parent of, 471
      relationship to parent, 454
      signals and, 470
child signal, 468
CHLD (child) signal, 468
chmod command, 12, 699, 1000
      = operator, 1001
      adding and subtracting permissions, 1001
      go+rx bin to give other users access to bin directory, 150
      go-w bin, write access to bin directory, 150
      numeric mode, 1000
      permissions, changing, 996
      -R option, 1002
            changing permissions for directory tree, 1001
      symbolic modes, 1000
chmod function (Perl), 856
chopping columns out of a file, 34
chown command, 1010
chown function (Perl), 856
Christiansen, Tom, 888
chroot, anonymous FTP connections, 944
ci (checkin) command (RCS), 815
Citrix, 963
      Metaframe, 963, 964
class methods (Python), 873
class of objects, application resources associated with, 128
class variables (Python), 873
classes (Python), 873
clean alias, removing stale files with, 275
cleanup script, 276
clear command, 89
clear text SMB passwords, 955
CLICOLOR environment variable, 161
clients
      ICA, 964
      Python as web client, 876
      RDP, for Unix (rdesktop), 965
      RDP, HOBLink JWT, 966
      remote, starting for X window systems, 140-143
            from interactive logins, 141
            with rsh and ssh, 142
      SSH, problems with, 1021-1029
      Unix VNC, connecting to Windows server, 961
      VNC (Virtual Network Computing), 959
CLIPBOARD selection (xterm), 117
clock in Unix, 781
close( ) method (for Perl objects), 844
close command (awk), 384
closing windows
      by exiting the shell, 482
      by killing window processes, 484-487
cmd field in crontab entries, 490
cmp operator (Perl), 846
cmp program, 226
co (checkout) command (RCS), 815
      -j option, merging file versions with, 817
      -p option, sending file to standard output, 816
Collinson, Peter, 724
color
      displaying names of with ls command, 158-161
      in shell prompts, 79
      LS_COLORS environment variable, 159, 707
columns
      chopping out of a file, 34
      column utility, creating with, 413
            rebalancing into table with variable-width columns, 414
      cutting, 410
      ls -C command, listing output in, 157, 165
      pasting data into, 416
      searching files for character in, 258
      straightening, 415
      text in, with pr command, 411-413
COLUMNS environment variable, 59
comma (,) in filenames, 17
comma, "fat comma" operator (=>), 850
command characters (see special characters)
command command, disabling shell function lookup, 523
command directories, 703
command editing mode, 705
command interpreters (see shells)
command line, 542-570
      aliases for arguments, 572-574
      as shell scripts, 698
      awk, 379
      building strings with { }, 545-547
      completion features, 549-553
            command-specific completion, 551
            editor functions for, 552
            Emacs, 360
            Emacscommand completion (see command line)
            filename completion, 550
            filename completion, ignoring file suffixes, 553
            menu completion, 551
      editing on, 80, 594, 609-615
            bash shell, 614
            Emacs editing mode, 611
            ksh (Korn shell), 10, 613
            tcsh shell, 611-613
            vi editing mode, 610
            zsh shell, 615
      executing commands with long list of files as arguments, 563
      finding last argument on, 749
      interactive applications, controlling with Expect program, 567-570
      interpretation by shell, 7
      multiline commands and secondary prompts, 559
      parameters, unsetting, 749
      parsing, 520
      repeating commands, 554
            at set intervals, 558
            copy and paste, using, 557
            with variations, 554-557
      reprinting wilth CTRL-r, 543
      saving to file, 12
      sed editor, 669
      separating commands with semicolon (:), 563
      shortcuts, 542
      string-editing (:) operators, 547-549
      submitting for execution at a later time, 495
      too many arguments, dealing with, 565-567
command search path (see search path)
command substitution, 527, 542, 561
      Bourne shell quoting and, 528
      examples of, 563
      excluding files from rm command, 275
      find command output, using with, 174
      in for loops, 728
      grep command, using in vi editor, 562
      nested, 768
command-line arguments
      @ARGV array passed to Perl scripts, 844
      finding last, 749
      handling in Bourne shell scripts, 725-729
            for loops, using, 726
      parsing, 734
      parsing standard, 730-732
      of a process, 466
      quoting, 734, 779
      setting and parsing, 733
      starting with - (dash), 728, 734
      storing single-line string in, 766
      tar, correct order for, 804
      testing with case statement, 770
command-line parameters (see command-line arguments)
commands
      ampersand (&) character at the end of, putting into background with, 454
      awk utility, categories of, 381
      binding to keys, 613
      built-in, 8, 452
            faster prompt setting with, 74
      combining with grouping ( ) operator, 893
      custom, creating, 571-592
            Bourne-type aliases, 574
            if-then-else, putting in C shell alias, 579
            Korn shell aliases, 575
            shell functions, 581-592
            sourceable scripts, 576-578
            zsh aliases, 576
      default, specifying shell with #!, 516
      displaying running commands, 504
      ex editor, 370-372
      exit status of, 715
      external, shell execution of, 514
      filtering text through with vi editor, 322
            fmt command, neatening lines with, 333
      finding where located, 33
      functions, working with, 585
      history of, 593-616
      in .exrc file for vi editor, 335
      interactive, 7
      internal and external, 13
      interpretation by shells, 513-??, 513, ??-541
            arguments passed to a script, showing, 518
            Bourne shell quoting, 526-531
            C shell quoting, 531-534
            choosing built-in, external or shell functions in bash, 523
            choosing built-in, external, or shell functions in C shell, 524
            evaluation of command line, 521
            executing external commands, 514
            interactive use vs. shell scripts, 515
            overwriting files accidentally, 517
            quoting with here documents, 534
            redirections, 526
            running other programs, 515
            search path for commands, 518-520
            wildcards in aliases, 520
      joining with pipes, 698
      in .logout file, 89
      logout file, creating for Bourne and Korn shells, 90
      multiple control commands, while loops with, 753
      naming, 736
      null, 717
      PATH environment variable, 709
      periodic, 87
      preprompt, 87, 88
      printed in parentheses by ps, 462
      printing
            without executing (:p operator), 548
            System V, 916
      putting names of into shell prompts, 79
      redefining with aliases, problems with, 579
      redirection (see redirecting input and output)
      remote-login utilities, 449
      repeating (see repeating commands)
      running at login, 50
      running one while using another with shell escapes, 326
      search path, 699
            rehash command, updating with, 150
      search table (C shells), resetting, 699
      sed editor, 689
            operations of, 688-690
      sed, order of, 674
      sequences of, executing automatically with Emacs, 356
      standard input, reading, 885
      storing for startup of vi, 334
      Tcl, 567
      typing at the shell prompt, 454
      versions, 702
      versions of, 36
      vi editor
            custom, creating, 336-352
            line vs. character, 331
commenting
      : and #, beginning with, 742
      #, shell understanding of, 744
      Bourne shell
            using : in place of #, 746
      for ease of use, 725
      in zsh, 615
      RCS files, 815
      shell scripts, 699
      smb.conf files, 952
      in X resource files, 130
comments
      in crontab entries, 491
      in Emacs editor, 361
      in .exrc file for vi editor, 335
      lines in program comment block, cleaning up, 394
committing modifications to CVS files, 819
Common Unix Printing System (CUPS), 933
communicating with Unix, 6
communications utilities, 28
compare
      two most recent revisions of several RCS files, 818
comparing
      files, 213
            cmp program, using, 226
            diff commands, using, 218-226
            make program, using, 230-233
      file-times, exact comparisons, 179
      lines for uniqueness (uniq command), 418
      numbers, 777
      strings for pattern matching, 635
      word counts in two files, 303
complete command, 551
completion features of shells, 549-553
      editor functions for, 552
      filename completion, 550
            ignoring file suffixes, 553
      menu completion, 551
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (CPAN), 431, 841
Comprehensive TEX Archive Network (CTAN), 929
compress command, 284
compressed files
      encoding into 7-bit representation, 407
      filename extensions, 17
      manpage, finding with grep -Z, 35
      tar archive, 788
      tar utility
            gzip and bzip2 utilities, 790
compressing a directory tree, 284
      fine-tuning, 288
compressing files, 281-284
compression
      bzip2 utility, 283
      GNU tar archives, 813
      gzip
            unpacking tar archives, 888
      tar archives, advantages and disadvantages, 794
Computer Emergency Response Team (see CERT)
concatenate (see cat command)
concatenating strings with . operator, 846
concatenation in regular expressions, 635
Concurrent Version System (see CVS)
conditional expressions (see expressions, conditional)
configuration files
      bash shell, 47
      C shells
            reading at different times, 51
      configure.in file (Makefile.in), 825
      daemons, rereading of, 471
      /etc/inetd.conf file, 942
      etc/inetd.conf file, 1011
      .exrc for vi editor, 334
      ifconfig, for network devices, 939
      kernel, device lines from, 902
      Korn shell, 47
      login shells
            contents of, 49
      man (/etc/man.config), 33
      named.conf, 947
      pathnames in, 51
      shells, 44-47
            automatic terminal setups, 54-60
            C shell, 46
            .cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup, 60
            system-wide setup, 45
      smb.conf, 952
      sources.list, 832
      system, 823
      tcsh shell, 47
      for vi editor (.exrc), 312
      zsh shells, 47
configuration information, manipulation in DoS attacks, 973
configure command, 952
configuring
      anonymous FTP server, 944
      color ls, 159
      devices, user-space tools for, 900
      filesystem mounts, 905
      installed software packages, 831
      kernel, 902
      Message Transfer Agents (MTAs), 945
      modems, 910
      network devices with ifconfig, 908
      USB, 911
      workstations with DHCP, 947
configuring terminals, 92-123
      finding terminal settings with stty command, 104
      hung terminals, fixing, 100-104
      querying terminal type with qterm, 97
      size of xterm windows, 99
      terminal type, setting, 95
      xterm, 106-123
            copy and paste between windows, 120-122
            fonts changing dynamically, 115-117
            menus, 113-114
            xclipboard, 117-118
      xterms
            fonts selecting, 112
confirming
      file deletions with rm -i, 266
      substitutions in vi, 315
connectivity, 936-950
      configuring anonymous FTP server, 944
      DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 947
      diagnosing network problems with ping and traceroute, 941
      DNS (Domain Name Service), 945-947
      /etc/services (database of well-known ports), 938
      firewalls, 949
      gatewaying form personl LAN over a modem, 950
      gateways and NAT, 948
      inetd file, managing Internet services, 942
      mail, 944
      SSH (Secure Shell), 943
      status and troubleshooting, 939-941
      TCP/IP addresses and ports, 936-938
consoles
      serial, 912
constants, scalars defined as in Perl scripts, 846
constant-width fonts, 112, 116
      in xterm, 116
CONT (continue) signal, 468
context diffs, 221-224
continue command, 623, 730
continue command (awk), 384
"control" characters, 9
control characters, 238
      Emacs and, 363
      ex and vi editors and, 343
      od -c command, displying with, 239
      quoting in Emacs, 364
      storing in shell variables, 783
      X event translations, 132
controlling process, 454
controlling terminal, 459
controlling tty, write command and, 473
Conway, Damian, 393
Cooper, Michael, 97
copy and paste
      configuring xterms for, 109
      repeating command with, 557
      in tty-type virtual consoles, 448
      into windows running vi, 343
copy command (ex), 370
copying
      archives, without asking for password, 799
      directory trees with tar and pipes, 216
      everything you do into a file with script, 782
      files, 201, 213
            between filesystems, 203
            ownership of copy, 998
            scp utility, 944
      files to different directories, 760
      links, 215
      remote files, shortcut for, 546
      text with vi editor, 313
copying text
      between xterm windows, 120-122
      button combinations for selecting in xterms, 109
      xclipboard, using in xterms, 117-118
core dumps
      eliminating entirely, 281
      files, wildcard matching and, 662
      limiting file size, 280
      QUIT signal, creating with, 469
core flavors of Unix, 6
corrupt files, 794
cos command (awk), 384
count command, 784
counting
      characters, lines, and words in files, 303
counting occurrences with vi editor, 320
count.it script, 304
cp command, 30
      exit status, 715
      -i option, 213
      -p option, 1010
cpio command, 805
-cpio operator (find command), 274
cpio utility, 795
cps shell function, 591
CPU
      listing usage by processes, 457
      /proc/cpuinfo file, 466
CPU time, 503
CPU-bound process, 501
      lowering scheduling priority with nice, 506
create function (tar), 809
cron command, 245, 492
cron daemon, 489
cron system, 488, 489-495
      crontab entries, adding, 494
      execution scheduling, 489
      Expect scripts, using, 570
      jobs, running on system environment, 489
      limiting file size, 281
      standard input, including in cron entry, 495
      trash directory, cleaning out, 268
crontab command, 494
crontab entries, 489, 490
      adding, 494
      editing, 494
      example, 491
      removing, 494
      time fields, 490
crontab files, 490
      find commands, adding to, 274
      personal, 498
crontab system
      -e option
            finding your files with wrong permissions, 997
crontab.local file, 494
cryptdir script, 570
cryptography
      keys, problems with on SSH, 1019-1021
csh (C shell)
      at command output, quieting, 496
      hangups, background processes and, 445
      job control commands, 436
      limiting file size, 280
      nice command
            BSD Unix, 508
            System V, 509
      PWD environment variable
            Emacs and, 363
      quoting in scripts, 779
      shell variables
            listing, 712
      stop command, 443
      stty -tostop command, background jobs writing to terminal, 445
      unlimit coredumpsize command, 281
      wildcards, failing to match, 662
.csh filename extension, 18
csh shell, 9
csh time variable, 503
.cshdirs file for tcsh shells, 47
.cshrc file, 46, 52
      cd aliases in, 627
      color, setting in, 158
      if (! $?prompt) exit test, 53
      multiline prompt showing directory stack, 84
      prompt setting, 76
      set echo verbose command, 101
.cshrc files
      tcsh shells, use of, 47
.cshrc.$HOST file, 60
CSHRC_READ environment variable, 53
($?CSHRC_READ) prompt test, 53
csplit program, 401-404
      -f option, 402
      -s option, 402
CTAN (Comprehensive TEX Archive Network), 929
ctime (change time for files), 155
ctime command
      time conversion routines, 782
-ctime operator (find command), 178
CTRL -\ (to quit), 103
CTRL key
      specifying with stty command, 105
CTRL- command, sending QUIT signal, 469
CTRL-c command
      aborting programs, 103
      canceling commands with, 610
      INT signal, sending, 469
      killing foreground job, 436
CTRL-d command
      ending scripts, 782
      exiting Bourne shell, 516
CTRL-d (end-of-input character), 456
CTRL-g in Emacs, canceling entire operation, 356
Ctrl-M character, 27
CTRL-q command
      killing processes, 479
CTRL-q command, restarting stopped output, 102
CTRL-q (Emacs quoting command), 364
CTRL-r (reprint) character, 543
CTRL-s command, 479
      stopping output, 102
CTRL-v
      escaping keys in vi mappings, 344
CTRL-v
      temporarily disabling vi keymaps, 349
CTRL-x in Emacs macros, 356
CTRL-z command, 436, 438, 441, 468
      putting jobs in background, 102
      stopping a subshell, 455
CUPS (Common Unix Printing System), 933
curl application, 836
current directory, 23, 84, 202, 453
      advantages of, 620
      alias for, storing in shell variable, 630
      determining group file ownership, 998
      finding, 621
      in C-shell status line, 77
      links to, 207
      PWD environment variable, 706
      quick finds in, 199
      in shell prompts, 72
            dirs command output, using, 84
            multiline C-shell prompt, 76
current job, 439, 442
current process
      statistics on, 464
cursor for xterm windows (see pointer)
cursors
      moving in vi text-input mode without arrow keys, 349
custom commands, creating, 571-592
      Bourne-type aliases, 574
      if-then-else, putting in C shell alias, 579
      Korn shell aliases, 575
      propagating shell functions, 586-591
            exporting bash functions, 586
            FPATH search path, 587-591
      shell functions, 581-592
            functions calling functions, 583-585
            loops, using, 581
            simulating in Bourne shell, 591
      sourceable scripts, 576-578
      zsh aliases, 576
customization
      Emacs, 357, 361
            and how to avoid, 358
            searches, 362
customizing
      X Window System, 128
cut command, 34, 410, 733, 765
      who command output, cutting, 562
cutting and pasting text
      between vi's, 330
CVS
      Emacs support of, 356
cvs
      CVSROOT environment variable, 818, 820
      CVS_RSH environment variable, 820
      remote repositories, 820
      repositories, 820
CVS (Concurrent Version Control) system, 373
CVS (Concurrent Version System), 818-821
      archiving files, 814
      cvs add command, 819
      cvs checkout command, 818
      cvs commit command, 819
      cvs diff, 819
      cvs import command, 819
      cvs init command, 819
      cvs log command, 819
            conflicting change, examining log message on, 821
      cvs remove command, 819
      cvs update command, 819
      cvsroot directory for archive storage, 818
cvs diff command, 221
CVSROOT environment variable, 818, 820
CVS_RSH environment variable, 820
cwd shell variable, 84
cwdcmd alias for tcsh shell status line updates, 79
cx script, 1003

D[ Top ]
\d (matching numbers) in Perl regular expressions, 855
d or D (delete) command, sed editor, 692
d or D (delete) commands, sed editor, 690
daemons, 14-16
      controlling terminal and, 460
      cron daemon, 489
      DHCP, 948
      inetd
            disabling for security, 979
      lpd, 923
            filters, 932
      nmbd, 952
      printer, 918
      removable media on Linux, 907
      restarting with the kill command, 471
      Samba
            restarting to share printers, 958
      SMB, 952
      SMB, running, 954
      sshd
            .pam file, 1015
            problems with, 1021
      sshd, disabling printing and mail checking for, 1013
      tcpd, 980
      vold, for removable media, 907
Darwin, 3, 6
      adding users to system, 983
      enabling root access in, 992
data types
      Python, 873
data types (Perl), 845-852
      hashes, 850
      lists, 849
      references, 851
      scalars, 845-848
databases
      distributed, updating, 232
      find command, 190-192
date and time
      Bourne shell prompts, putting in, 86
date and time, including in shell prompt, 71
date command, 86
      + option, 170
      current date in dynamic shell prompt, 72
dater script, 898
dd command
      creating file for debugging purposes, 784
      restoring files from remote tape drives, 797
      restoring files remotely, 797
dd utility, 396, 410
      splitting files with, 401
DDoS (distributed denial-of-service attack), 973
dead links, listing, 169
dead processes (see zombies)
Debian dselect tool (see dselect tool)
Debian Linux (see Linux)
debugging
      Bourne shell scripts, 717, 775-784
            copying your work with script program, 782
            line numbers reset in redirected loops, 776
            making a file for testing, 784
            numeric tests, errors in, 777
            output, piping to pager, 775
            quoting command line arguments, 779
            saving output in file and displaying on screen, 776
            shell variable, 777
            shell variables, 777
            string test syntax errors, 778
            time keeping on Unix systems, 781
            unmatched code or fi unexpected errors, 776
            unmatched operators, 776
      core dumps and, 281
      keysyms, 127
      network connectivity, 941
      Perl code in Emacs editor, 356
      recursion depth, messages about, 584
      setup files for account with hung terminal, 101
      su command, using to emulate accounts, 990
decimal numbers
      sorting with sort, 427
declaring variables in Perl, 844
decoding uuencoded tar files, 408
decompressing files
      bunzip2 program, 283
dedent script, removing whitespace from text, 121
deferencing references, 852
defining
      Python functions, 872
<defunct> status under System V, 470
DEL character, 238
delayed execution, 488-499
      at command, 495-498
      cron system, 489-495
      sleep command, 498
DELETE, 127
delete command (awk), 384
delete command (ex), 371
delete (d or D) commands, sed editor, 690
      multiline delete, 692
delete function (Perl), 851
DELETE key, 105
      Emacs editor, 354
      erase character, 783
      location for, 60
      redefined, debugging with xevBACKSPACE, 127
delete script, 266
deleted files
      archiving on tape, 274
deleted text, recovering with vi editor, 313
deleting
      characters from a file with dd, 396
      d command, sed editor, 672
      directories, 272
      duplicate lines, 418
            Perl script, using, 430
      extra characters with ^, 596
      files, 17
            by last access date, 274
            confirmation before deleting, 265
            with Emacs, 355
            -inum and -exec operators, using with find command, 180
            preventing by making directories unwritable, 265
            program for, 265
            RCS system, 816
            wildcards and, 264
            (see also removing files)
      files with nonprint characters in names, 166
      function definitions, 585
      linked files, 206
      unconnected symbolic links, 170
deleting files
      archiving deleted files with tar, 274
denial-of-service attacks (DoS), 970, 973
      comsuming all resources, 973
      manipulation of configuration information, 973
      physical attacks on equipment, 974
      swap space vulnerability in, 975
dependency conflicts in package installation/removal, 830
dereferencing operator (->), 844
deroff command, 306
deroff -w command, 299
desktops
      display numbers, 960
      Gnome and Enlightenment programs, 15
      rdesktop (RDP client for Unix), 965
      sharing with VNC, 959-962
            connecting to Windows VNC server, 960
            setting VNC up on Unix, 960
destroying processes with kill, 470
/dev directory, 823, 887
      /dev/null file
            examples, 720, 773
            redirecting output to, 899
      /dev/tty file, 889
      /dev/zero file, 899
device drivers, 900
device drivers, resetting to kill processes, 479
"device independent" (DVI) printer language, 930
devices, 900-913
      dialup PPP session, setting up, 910
      disk partitioning, 903
      filesystem types and /etc/fstab, 904
      filesystems
            removable, mounting/umounting, 906
      kernel boot output, reading, 900
      kernel configuration, 902
      loopback mounts, 907
      modems, 909
      network, configuring with ifconfig, 908
      network filesystems, mounting, 908
      not recognized by kernel, 901
      serial consoles, 912
      sound cards, 911
      Universal Serial Bus (USB), configuring, 911
/dev/null file, 193
      grep command, using with, 193
      replacing log files with symbolic links to, 279
/dev/tty file, 754
df command, 501
      output, parsing with sed, 767
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 947
      NAT and, 949
dialback script, 568
dialup session, setting up, 910
dialup terminal type, 96
dictionaries
      ispell program, adding words to, 301
      spell program, 301
      system word file, 299
dictionary files for spell command, 295
dictionary order, sorting in, 428
dierctory hierarchy, 822
diff command, 218-226
      batch editing, use in, 373-375
      -c option
            added lines, listing of, 223
            changed lines, marking of, 222
            deletions, listing of, 223
            difference sections, marking of, 222
            listings, start of, 222
            running on lists of files, 566
      cmp program vs., 226
      comparing sets of files, 213
      context diffs, 221-224
      cvs, 819
      CVS, use with, 815
      diff3 script, 220
      -e option, 218
      output, feeding to patch program, 377
      -r option, 213
      sdif command, 224
      tabstops, problems with, 225
      -u option
            added lines, listing of, 224
            changed lines, marking of, 222
            deletions, listing of, 223
            difference sections, marking of, 222
            listings, start of, 222
dig command, 581, 946
      DNS queries with, 940
dircolors command
      LS_COLORS environment variable, setting, 159
      -p option, 159
dircolors command (GNU), 79
.dircolorsrc file, 159
directories
      !$ sequence, 595
      absolute pathnames and, 619
      aliases for, 575
      archived on tape drives, restoring, 796
      automatic setup for entering and exiting, 630-632
      backing up
            excluding files from backup, 799
      browsing with shell arrays, 194-197
      changing, 622, 630
      changing with c (shell function), 627
      comparing with diff -r command, 213
      contents of, 201
      counting files in, 303
      current
            (see also current directory)
      current directory, 453
      deep directory tree, finding files in, 173
      deleting, 272
      directory tree
            archives/backups of, 788
            changing permissions of, 1001
            compressing, 284, 288
            copying with tar and pipes, 216
            grepping, 192
            skipping parts with find command, 199
      directory tree, duplicating, 187
      dirname command, 752
      Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in, 355
      emacs hacks, 366
      files, finding, 154-170
            change and modification times, 154
            oldest and newest with ls -t and ls -u, 155
            subdirectories, listing with ls -R, 157
      files in, 21
      finding files
            GNU ls command, features of, 161, 162
            listing directories with ls -d, 157
      home, 22
            finding (for anyone), 629
      linking, 210
      links to, 207
      listing contents with ls -lai command, 206
      manual page files, searching for, 35
      organization of, 147-153
            access, 148
            bin directory for programs and scripts, 149
            creating many, 151
            creating new, 152
            naming files, 150
            private or personal, 150
      ownership, 998
      permissions, 995
            execute without read permission, 1004
            fully accessible directory within unreadable, 1005
            search access, 997
            search permission, 995
            sticky bit and, 999
            (see also permissions)
      printing files to, 545
      remotely mounted, hung terminals and, 101
      safer file deletion in, 267
      in search path, 518
      sharing local with SMB network, 953
      sharing with SMB network, 959
      subdirectories, 22
            creating, 546
      temporary changes in, 894
      temporary, setting different for vi, 332
      /u, 629
      write permission, denying to limit file creation, 281
directory stack, 624-626
      clearing with dirs -c, 626
      clearing with popd command, 626
directorys
      moving to temporarily with pushd and popd commands, 624
Dired mode (Emacs), 355
dirname command, 751
      bugs in, 752
      loops, using with, 752
dirs command, 626
      -c option, clearing the stack, 626
      output in prompt, using, 84
dirsfile variable for tcsh shells, 47
disabling bash built-in commands, 524
disk controllers, 900
disk quotas, 1009
      file permissions, changing without chown, 1010
disk space
      hard links vs. symbolic links, 631
      reports on, 286
      swap space for temporary files, 975
disk space, optimizing, 277-291
      compressed tar archive, 788
      compressing a directory tree, 284
            fine-tuning, 288
      compressing files, 281-284
      emptyig files, 277
      executable binaries, stripping, 289
      limiting file sizes, 280
      links and, 279
      log files and, 279
      quotas on disk usage, 290
disks, 900
      partitioning, 903
            PCs, 904
      removable, mounting/unmounting, 906
disown command, 446
      vs. nohup, 447
disowned processes
      controlling terminal and, 460
      killing parent processes by name, 475
display command, vis vs., 559
DISPLAY environment variable, 57, 707, 710
      checking setting in xwrist script, 771
      hard-coded into shell setup file on remote machine, 143
      setting for remote X client, 141
DISTDIR environment variable, 837
distributed database, updating, 232
distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS), 973
distribution release for software packages, 833
Distutils program, 870
dmesg command
      getting last ten lines from, 243
DNS (Domain Name Service)
      cache, checking, 946
      NETBIOS name, 954
      queries, making with dig, 940
DNS MX (mail exchanger) record for a host, looking up, 581
do command (awk), 384
DocBook, 929
doctor program, 366
documentation
      Perl, 839, 843
      (see also manual pages
documents, 534
domains, NT, 951
Doman Name Service (see DNS)
DoS (see denial-of-service attacks)
dos2unix application, 822
dot (.) files
      showing with ls -a option, 163, 206
      wildcard matching and, 660
dot (.) (see ., Under Symbols)
double quotes (see ", under Symbols)
doubled word typing errors, finding, 305
downloading files from the Internet with wget, 834-836
drive controllers
      kernel boot output for, 900
dselect tool, 825-832
      access method, choosing, 826-828
      choosing packages for installation or removal, 828-830
      configuring packages, 831
      exiting, 832
      exiting select function, 830
      installing packages, 831
      removing packages, 831
      updating information on available packages, 828
du command, 304
      -k option, 287
      -s option, 288
dump command
      arguments, correct order for, 805
      industrial strength backups with, 806
dumping files to the screen, 234-246
      cat command, 234
duplicate lines, deleting, 418, 427
      Perl script, using, 430
DVD-ROMs, 906
DVI ("device independent") printer language, 930
DVORAK keyboards, 125, 126
dynamic expansion in Emacs, 361
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), 947
dynamic IP addresses, 937
dynamic prompts, 71
      simulating, 72

E[ Top ]
each function (Perl), 851
EBCDIC, converting ASCII to, 410
echo command
      awk or cut, using with, 765
      backslashes (\) in shell quoting and argument separation, 540
      checking shell interpretation of regular expression special characters, 634
      ending with n>&m operator, 722
      escaped characters, handling, 753
      external versions of, 524
      opttest script (example), 731
      PATH for directory, finding, 149
      printing value of individual shell variable, 713
      showing values of variables, 704
      storing control characters in shell variables, 783
      testing filenames with wildcards in them, 166
      turning off for secret answers, 761
      writing special escape sequences, 77
      zmore script, use in, 722
echo shell variable, 534
ed editor, 218, 367
      batch editing, example of, 375
      diff command, using with script, 373
      ex commands and, 370
      failure on big files, 376
      search and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in, 652
-edit option (xrdb), 138
editing
      advanced techniques in Emacs, 356
      columns, creating automatically with column, 413
      command-line, with ksh, 10
      history and variable substitutions with : (colon) string editing operators, 547-549
      interactive, on command line, 594
      interactive, on shell command line
            command history, 609-615
      paired item checking in text, 305
      scripts for, 390-420
            behead script, removing mail/news headers, 395
            centering lines, 397
            cutting columns or fields, 410
            encoding binary files into ASCII, 406-410
            fmt.sh, 392
            joining lines with join, 417
            making text in columns with pr, 411-413
            offset script, indenting text, 396
            pasting into columns, 416
            program comment blocks, cleaning up, 394
            rotating text with rot, 419
            splitting files by context (csplit), 401-404
            straightening jagged columns columns, 415
            text conversion with dd, 410
            translating characters with tr, 404-406
            uniq command, 418
            writing, 368
      spell checking (see spell checking)
editing modes (command), 705
editing modes, Emacs, 356
EDITOR environment variable, 705
editors
      batch, 367-389
            awk, 367
            ed, 367
            ex, 367
            line addressing, 369
            patch, 367
            sed, 367
            (see also entries under individual editor names)
      completion, functions for, 552
      EDITOR environment variable, 705
      Emacs, 308, 353-366
            (see also Emacs editor)
      file ownership and, 999
      ignoring signals, 469
      locking files before editing, 773
      Python, 871
      sed, 668-697
      vi, 308-335
            running ex scripts in, 373
            (see also vi editor)
      vim, 308
egrep command, 192, 247, 250
      case-insensitive searches, faking, 258
      extended regular expressions, use of, 637, 645
      -f option, 251
      -i option, 34
      picking processes to kill, 477
      regular expression, building for, 194
      regular expressions to match tar archive filenames, 800
      regular expressions used with, search pattern examples, 654
      running on RCS files, 253
      -v option
            excluding files from deletion, 275
eight-bit filenames, deleting files with, 271
elapsed time, 503
elif statement, 717
else statement, 717
      using while leaving then empty, 746
Emacs editor, 308, 353-366
      advantages of, 353
      backup and auto-save files, 358
      backup files, 17
            ignoring with ls -B, 161
      built-in editor functions in pdksh shell, 613
      command completion, 360
      command-line editing, 611
      customization, 361
            and how to avoid, 358
      deleting characters and lines, 354
      directories for hacks, 366
      .emacs file
            abbreviations in, 365
            search customization file, adding to, 362
      exiting, 354
      features, listing of, 354
            cusomization, 357
            editing modes, 356
            FTP, 357
            HTTP, 357
            keyboard macros and advanced editing, 356
            mail, 357
            mouse, not having to use with, 355
            windows, 354
      file ownership, 999
      insert mode vs. overwrite, 360
      inserting binary characters into files, 363
      moving around in, 354
      online help, key bindings abbreviations vs. those used in this book, 354
      psychotherapist program, 366
      PWD, unsetting before using, 363
      searches, customization of, 362
      shells, running in, 355
      signals, ignoring, 469
      starting, 354
      temporary files generated by, 629
      undoing actions, 354
.emacs initialization file, 358
.emacs_ml file, 361
email
      header and body, proper formation of, 410
      MH system, command completion for, 551
      reformatting messages for xterms, 120
      shortcut for multiple addresses, 546
      SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol), 944
      (see also mail)
empty files, 193, 898
empty num variable, numeric test error, 777
empty passwords, SSH server and, 1015
emptying files, 277
emulating Windows API (wine program), 962
enable command, 524
encoding
      binary files into ASCII, 406-410
            MIME encoding, 408-410
            uuencoding, 407
      full binary text with base64, 408
encrypting all files in a directory (crypdir script), 570
end anchor ($) in regular expressions, 638
end of a file, displaying with tail command, 242-245
End of file unexpected error, 775
      exit early, using to find error, 776
END pattern, awk, 380
endless loops, 746
      starting with shell functions, 523
end-of-file character (expect eof command), 569
end-of-input character (usually CTRL-d), 456
end-of-line characters (see newlines)
Enlightenment, 15
enscript program, 922
.enter file, 631
entering directories, automatic setup for, 630-632
env command, 465, 704, 712
      checking for environment changes at different systems, 57
      running scripts from kernel, 745
ENV environment variable, 706
      Bourne shells, setting up, 45
      Korn shells, setting, 47
environment, 453
      current process, finding for, 465
      temporary changes in, 894
environment variables, 453, 702-711
      AT, 54
      CBLKWID (comment block width), 394
      CDPATH, 622
      CLICOLOR, 161
      in .cshrc.$HOST file, 61
      CSHRC_READ, 53
      CVSROOT, 818, 820
      CVS_RSH, 820
      DISPLAY, 143, 710
            setting for remote X client, 141
      DISTDIR, 837
      EDITOR, 705
      ENV, for Bourne shells, 45
      EXINIT, 312, 333
      FPATH, 587-591
      HISTFILESIZE, 606
      HISTSIZE, 593, 606
      $HOME, 148
      HOME, 629
      $HOME and $LOGDIR, 51
      LINES and COLUMNS, 59
      LOGDIR, 629
      LS_COLORS, 159
      LSCOLORS, 161
      MANPATH, 33, 66
      modification by programs, 737
      names, 704
      PATH, 708
            path shell variable and, 709
      predefined, listing of, 705-707
      PWD, 363
      SAVEHIST (zsh), 606
      setting in shell setup files, 50
      SHELL, 100
      shell functions and, 582
      shell functions, changing for, 586
      shell variables vs., 703, 711
      SHLVL, 82
      system-wide setup, 45
            C shells, 46
      TERM, 55, 94
      terminal setup, testing for, 57
      WINNAME, 59
      WORDLIST, 297, 301
      zsh shells, 47
epoch, 781
eq operator, 846
equality
      ne (string inequality test) operator, 846
erase character
      # as, 106
      BACKSPACE, 783
      DELETE, 783
erase character, setting automatically for X terminals, 54
erase characters, setting, 104
error messages
      program names included in, 736
      scrolling off screen, 890
      signals as, 468
      (see also standard error)
errors
      End of file unexpected, 775
            exit early, using to find error, 776
            unmatched operators as cause, 776
      fi unexpected, 776
      line #: ;; unexpected, 776
      numeric test syntax errors, 777
      stderr (see standard error)
      string test syntax errors, 778
      wildcard matching failure, 662
ESC key
      file completion and, 553
ESC Z string, 98
escape sequences
      copied by script program into files, 782
      for colors, 158
      nonprinting, in shell prompts, 80
      prompt settings and, 80
      titlebar text, changing in xterms, 111
      writing with echo command, 77
      xterm VT Fonts menu, 116
escaping regular expression metacharacters, 638
ESC-x in Emacs, 354
/etc directory, 823
/etc/apt directory, 832
/etc/csh.cshrc file, 46
/etc/csh.login file, 46
/etc/fstab file, 904
      shared filesystems in, 909
etc/group file
      passwords, 998
/etc/hosts file
      IP address to hostname mapping, 945
/etc/hosts.allow file
      hosts.allow file
            tcp_wrappers package, 942
/etc/hosts.equiv file, 142
/etc/inetd.conf file, 942, 1011
      Samba daemons, adding to, 954
      swat, adding to, 956
/etc/inputrc file, 47
/etc/man.config file, 33
/etc/nologin file, 43, 993
/etc/passwd file, 25
      documentation on System V machine, reading, 32
      Samba authentication, using for, 955
      storing passwords on Mac OS X, 11
/etc/profile file, 45
      Korn shell, 47
/etc/securetty file
      disabling root access, 990
/etc/services file, 938
      swat tool, 956
/etc/ttys file, 37, 58
/etc/ttytab file, 58
ethereal program, 942
Ethernet address, 948
ethernet cards, 900
eval command, 96, 521
      awk compared to, 724
      last parameter from command line, picking, 749
      resize output, evaluating, 100
      scanning contents of variables, 751
      sed, using with, 768
evaluating
      expressions, 183, 635
      multiple commands, 567
event translations, 130-133
      overriding default, 132
      translation table, 131
events, 131
ex command, line-numbering with, 246
ex editor, 367
      appending to file, 317
      batch editing, example of, 375
      capitalizing words, 320
      commands, 370-372
      confirming substitutions, 315
      deleting by patterns, 318
      ex command mode in vi, 349
      file recovery, 324
      global command, 315
      line addressing, 369
      multiple setup files, 321
      protecting vi keymaps from interpretation by, 343
      quoting | (vertical bar), 344
      regular expressions used in
            search and replace commands, 655
      running scripts in vi, 373
      saving part of file, 316
      search and replacement patterns, regular expression metacharacters in, 652
      search patterns and global commands, using, 314
      settings, 312
      startup commands, 312
      switching between files, 309
      yank buffers, 311
exchange command (x), sed editor, 681, 688
excluding files from deletion, 275
exec command, 745
      manipulation of file descriptors, 746
      replacing one shell with another, 745
      typing at shell prompt, 452
-exec operator (find command), 179
      { } operator, using with, 187
      creating custom tests, 181
      using with -type and -name, 183
      xargs command vs., 180
exec system call, 514
      typing at a shell prompt, 452
executable files
      #!, making directly executable with, 741
      chmod command, 12
      external, tracking locations with aliases, 575
      last-access time, 156
      locating for programs, 33
      multiple commands linked to a file, 748
      permissions on, 699
      strip command, 289
execute permission
      changing with chmod, 1000
      for directories, 995
      script for changing, 1003
      shell scripts, 1009
      without read permission, 1004
execution, delayed (see delayed execution)
execution statistics, report summarizing, 456
exim program, 945
EXINIT environment variable, 312, 333
exists function (Perl), 851
exit ( ) function (Perl), 845
exit command
      awk utility, 384
      effect on subshells, 456
      ending scripts, 782
      lpc, 918
      reading logout file when using, 52
.exit file, 631
exit status
      dead processes and, 480
      diff and cmp, returned by, 226
      of loops, 753
      of pipelines, 716
      printing for any program not returning zero, 716
      returned by : operator, 746
      returned by processes, 455
      reversing for command line in bash and zsh, 716
      rm and rm -f command, 269
      sh -e command, 760
      testing with if statement, 716-718
      testing with loops, 719
      of Unix processes, 715
      values for expr, 762, 764
      zero, 719
exit test, if (! $?prompt), 53
exiting
      directories, automatic setup for, 630-632
      Emacs, 354
      loops, 853
      shell to close a window, 482
exp command (awk), 384
expansion of wildcards by shells, 521
      quoting regular expressions to prevent, 634
      shortcuts, 780
expect command, 567
expect eof command, 569
Expect programs, 567-570
      automating /bin/passwd, 568-570
      cryptdir script, 570
      dialback script, 568
      passmass script, 570
      rftp script, 570
      Tcl language, writing in, 567
      testing interactive programs, 570
exporting bash shell functions, 586
expr command, 303, 762-764
      arguments
            $*, 765
            $@, 765
      arithmetic operators used with, 762
      examples of, 763
      exit status values, 762
      logical operators used with, 763
      matching parts of strings with regular expressions, 765
      relational operators used with, 762
      syntax, 762
      testing character strings, 764
expressions, 183, 633
      conditional, 716, 716-718
      order of evaluation in Perl, 848
      in Python lambdas, 873
      regular expressions vs., 635
      (see also operators)
.exrc file
      local settings for vi, 312
      setting up vi editor with, 334
extended expressions, matching more than one process, 477
extended grep (see egrep command)
extended partition, 904
extended regular expressions, 637, 645
extensions, filename, 17
      :e string editing operator, 548
      wildcard matching and, 660
external commands, 13, 74, 523
      C shell, determining whether to use, 524
      creating subshell for execution in Perl, 856
      executing, 514
      setting shell variables with, 86
extract function (tar), 809

F[ Top ]
factorial functions, 583-585
failure of commands, indication in exit status, 715
false (exit status) utility, 715
false values in Perl, 847
fast find commands
      database for, 190
      databases for, 187
      matching shell wildcards, 189
"fat comma" operator (=>), 850
fc command
      -e option, starting editor and loading file with recent history, 599
      -l option, listing previous commands, 598
fg command, 436, 438
      job numbers, supplying to, 439
fgrep command, 193, 247
      running on RCS files, 253
fgrep command (fixed grep)
      -f option, 251
fi statements, 717
fi unexpected error, 776
fields
      in crontab entries, 490
      cutting, 410
      separating with : (colon), 101
      sort command, 422
            changing delimiter, 424
fignore shell variable, 553
file access mode (see permissions)
file descriptors, 453
      closing, 480
      files currently pointing to, viewing, 464
      manipulation by exec command, 746
      open files and, 753
            shell redirecation capabilities, 755
            standard error or stderr, 754
            standard input or stdin, 754
            standard output or stdout, 754
      redirecting, 756-759
file permissions (see permissions)
file protection mode, supplying for directories, 153
file protocol (URI types), 832
file utility, 240
File::Find module (Perl), 169
filehandles in Perl, 857
filenames, 150
      changing with rename function (Perl), 856
      completion by shells, 542, 550
      conventions, 16-17
      converting form uppercase to lowercase, 404
      ending with ~, 629
      executable vs. source, 579
      extensions for, 17
      finding with cat command, 7
      links and, 737
      path name components, stripping with basename, 751
      special characters, quoting in C shell, 533
      stripped from pathnames, 752
      symbols in, 725
      whitespace in, 165
      wildcards for, 657-667
            failing to match, 662
            file's name and extension as separate entities, 660
            grep -l command, listing matching files, 664
            listing of, 658-660
            nom script, listing nonmatching files, 666
            pathnames, not using in, 663
            shell handling of, 660-662
            vgrep script, listing nonmatching files, 665
files, 27
      appending to existing with vi editor, 317
      backing up, 787-807
            excluding from, 799
            vi editor, macro for, 351
            (see also backup files)
      backup and auto-save, Emacs, 358
      binary, searching, 259
      comparing
            cmp program, using, 226
            diff commands, using, 218-226
            make program, using, 230-233
      compressing, 281-284
      copying from subdirectories to single directory, 760
      counting number in a directory, 303
      creating, using wildcards, 544
      deleted, archiving on tape, 274
      directory contents, explanation of, 201
      Emacs editor, viewing and manipulating in, 355
      empty, 898
      emptying, 277
      finding, 154-170
            access times, 155
            by age and size, 168
            change and modification times, 154
            counting by types, 167
            GNU ls command, features of, 161, 162
            listing subdirectories with ls -R, 157
            newest file, printing name of, 169
            nonprintable characters in filenames, showing, 166
            oldest or newest with ls -t or ls -u, 155
            showing hidden files with ls -a or ls -A, 163
            spaces in filenames, 165
            symbolic links, unconnected, 169
            type of file in each directory, listing with ls -F, 164
            unique filenames, picking automatically, 170
      finding with find command (see find command)
      hosts.equiv, 142
      inodes, 262
      linking, 203-212
            creating and removing links, 208
            directories, linking, 210
            directory, links to, 207
            filenames for symbolic links, 212
            links, types of, 205
            reasons for, 203-205
            stale symbolic links, 209
      lockfiles, 772-774
      modification by attackers, checking for, 977
      names for (see filenames)
      newly created, setting default mode in unmask, 985
      old and new version, saving with vi editor, 316
      open, and file descriptors, 753
      overwriting accidentally, 517
      ownership of (see ownership, file)
      packing up and moving (see archives)
      permissions for (see permissions)
      printing
            shortcut for, 546
            (see also printing)
      Python, opening, closing and reading, 875
      reading to/writing from, 885, 889
            (see also redirecting input and output)
      recovering with vi -r command, 324
            recovered buffers, cautions about, 325
      remote, copying to local system, 546
      removing (see deleting; removing files; rm command)
      renaming
            copying or comparing set of, 212
            interactively, 213
      saving part of with vi editor, 316
      searching
            by column, using awk, 258
            with grep commands, 247-261
            look program, 259
            rcsgrep script, 252
      security (see security)
      showing contents of, 234-246
            cat command, 234
            cat -v or od -c, showing nonprinting characters, 237-239
            displaying end with tail command, 242-245
            file types, finding, 240
            head, displaying beginning with, 246
            less and more pagers, 236-237
            numbering lines, 246
            squashing extra blank lines with cat -s, 241
      size of
            batch editing and, 376
            limiting, 280
      splitting by context (csplit), 401-404
      switching among with vi editor, 309
      temporary, 629
            handling text with, 563
      testing, 735
      uncompressing, 721
filesystem check (fsck) program, 16
Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), 822
      web site information on, 823
filesystems, 904
      navigating Unix filesystem, 617-632
            cd, speeding up with aliases, 627
            changing directories, 622
            changing directories with c (shell function), 627
            current directory, 620
            current directory, finding, 621
            directories, automatic setup when entering/exiting, 630
            home directory, finding (for anyone), 629
            loop control, break and continue, 623
            marking your place with shell variable, 630
            relative and absolute pathnames, 618
            shell pushd and popd commands, 624-626
      NFS and SMBFS, mounting, 908
      Perl functions for, 856
      /proc, 463-468
      removable, mounting/unmounting, 906
      synchronizing with rsync program, 374
      for USBs, 911
filtering text through Unix commands
      fmt command, 343
      greps, 256
filters, 9, 754
      apsfilter, 932
      for graphics, 933
      grep command as, 249
      lpd daemon, running files through, 924
find command, 171-200
      $( ) operator, used with, 769
      -atime operator
            locating files based on last access time, 274
      clearing out unneeded files with, 276
      -cpio operator
            archiving deleted files on tape, 274
      directory tree, delving through, 173
      duplicating a directory tree, 187
      -exec operator
            creating custom tests, 181
      -exec operator
            large recursive greps, using for, 182
      -exec option, 1002
      -exec option
            changing permissions for directory tree, 1001
      fast find commands, 174
            database for, 190-192
            matching shell wildcards, 189
      fast find databases, using, 187
      features and basic operators, 171-173
      filename-matching patterns, 634
      files for compression, 288
      files you own with wrong permissions, 997
      finding many things with one command, 182
      grepping a directory tree, 192
      hard links to a file, finding, 197
      -inum operator, 272
      lookfor script, using in, 193
      loops using, 752
      -maxdepth operator, 272
      modified files, checking for, 978
      -mtime operator, 175
      -name operator, 175
      networked filesystem, preventing from searching, 200
      -newer option, using in incremental file backups, 799
      -nouser or -nogroup operators, 186
      -ok option, 265
      old files, searching for, 175
      operators, 249
      -perm operator, 185
      -prune operator, 198, 272
            quick find in current directory, 199
      -regex and -iregex options, 634
      running commands on results, 179
      search operators, 176-178
      -size operator, 185
      skipping parts of directory tree, 199
      time operators (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime), 178
            exact file-time comparisons, 179
      -type operator, 184
      unconnected symbolic links, finding, 169
      -user and -group operators, 186
      xargs command, using with, 174
finding
      current directory, 621
      file types, 240
      home directory (for anyone), 629
findpt alias, 249
firewalls, 949
      gateways functioning as, 948
fixed dynamic addresses, 948
fixed grep (see fgrep command)
fixed length records, converting to/from variable-length records, 410
flags
      displaying current, 49
flavors of Unix, 6
floating-point numbers
      Perl data type, 845
      sort command and, 427
floppies, 906
      backing up to, 794
      loopback mounts, 907
flow-control operators for loops (in Perl), 853
fmt command, 391
      disk initializer command, 392
      ending punctuation for sentences and, 392
      filtering text from vi editor through, 343
      filtering vi text through, 333
      -p option, reformatting program source code, 392, 394, 395
      reformatting fortune with, 772
      -tuw options, 391
fmtarg variable (xmessage utility), 772
fmt.sh script, 392
fold utility, 391
font resource (xterm), 112, 115
fonts
      default, 112
      selecting, 112
      xterm, changing dynamically, 115-117
            VT Fonts menu, 115
      xterm, VT Fonts menu, 113, 114
for command (awk), 385
for loops, 12, 384, 559, 853
      break and continue commands in, 730
      break and continue, controlling with, 623
      command-line arguments, handling with, 727, 728
      commands, varying while repeating, 554, 556
      here documents, using to print form letters, 560
      in command-line arguments, 726
      with multiple variables, 750
      sed scripts, use in, 670
      standard input, stepping through, 750
      wildcards, using with, 728
forcing file removal/moving without warnings, 1002
foreach loop, 554
foreach loops, 559
      commands, varying while repeating, 554
      iterating through arrays, 849
      iterating through list elements, 853
foreground color, 159
foreground jobs
      interrupting with notification of state change in background job, 445
      killing, 469
      nice command and, 510
foreground processes, 435
      process group and, 453
fork system call, 452, 514
      processes forking out of control, 478
format
      tape drives, 792
formatted manpage files, 35
formatting
      markup languages for, 928
formatting Python output, 875
Fortran program source file extension, 17
fpath array (zsh), 587
FPATH environment variable, 587, 587-591
      Korn shell, 588
      zsh shell, 590
free disk space
      checking with df, 501
free memory
      information about, 463
Free Software Foundation website, 814
FreeBSD, 6
      sections, searching in manpages, 32
FreeBSD Unix
      disk partitions, 904
      enabling gatewaying, 949
      ifconfig file output, 939
      inetd.conf file, 942
      info command, 38
      installing software with FreeBSD packages, 837
      kernel boot output for devices, 900
      OpenSSH, 1012
      serial consoles, 913
      single user mode, 985
      software installation with FreeBSD Ports, 837
      software installation with Ports system, 822
      strings utility, searching for words in binary files, 259
      swapinfo utility, 976
fsck (filesystem check) program, 16
-fstype operator (find command), 200
FTP
      anonymous ftp, 534
      anonymous FTP server, configuring, 944
      Emacs facility for, 357
      ftp program, 29
      ftp protocol (URI types), 832
      securing with port forwarding, 1028
function keys, mapping in vi, 338
functional programming languages, functions in, 872
functions
      buffer overflow, causing, 972
      built-in editor functions, tcsh, 611-613
      C language, boundary checking, 972
      @-functions, vi editor, 340-343
            combining, 341
            defining and using simple, 340
            newlines in, 342
            reusing definition, 342
      Perl
            exit( ), 845
            filesystem, 856
            hash functions, 851
            print, 848
      Python, 872
            anonymous, creating, 872
            class methods, 873
            defining, 872
      shell, 13, 523
            (see also shell functions)
      tar utility, 809

G[ Top ]
:g (global) operator, 604
g or G (get) commands, sed editor, 603, 688, 690
      G (Get) command, 684
/g regular expression modifier, 856
gateways, 948
      functioning as firewalls, 950
      personal LAN over a modem, 950
gawk utility, 379
      paired item check script, 305
      standard I/O, 887
      variables, 382
      version history, 388
geometry variable (xmessage utility), 772
get command
      copying files from remote host to Unix machine, 959
get (g or G) commands, sed editor, 688, 690
      G (Get) command, 684
getline command (nawk), 385
getopt command, 728
      parsing output, 731
getopts command, 729, 731
getty program, 435, 437, 452
      Linux virtual consoles, use in, 447
GID (group ID), 453
      primary group, finding for, 986
      zero, for superuser group, 983
global aliases, 576
global command (ex), 371
global commands, using in vi editor, 314
      global searches, 315
global commands with pattern matches, 318-320
global crontab entries, 494
global (:g) string editing operator, 548
global initializations (Emacs), disabling, 358
global replacements, 315
globbing
      enabling/preventing in shells, 660
      shell failure to match wildcards and, 662
Gnome, 15
GNU
      autoconf and automake utilities, 825
      context greps, 254
      dircolors command, 79
      Emacs
            (see Emacs editor)
      fast find utility (locate), 187
      find command, {} and, 181
      head command, 246
      ls command, 161
            displaying color names, 158-161
            -Q (quoting) option, 165
      slocate command, 187
      spell, download site for, 296
      tail program, 244
            - -follow option, 245
            - -follow=name and - -retry options, 245
      tar command, 285
      tar utility, 788
            command-line arguments, order of, 805
            gzip and bzip2 options, 790
            remote tape drive, using with, 798
            storing absolute pathnames, 804
            wildcards, using with, 801-803
      wget utility, 834-836
GNU Readline, 47
GNU-Darwin auto-installer for OS X (One-Step), 836
GNUS (Emacs Usenet client), 357
gprof profiler, 501
grabchars program, 723
graphical user interfaces (see GUIs)
graphics
      conversion programs, 933-935
graymaps, 934
greater than (>) operator, 762, 846
greater than or equal to (>=) operator, 847
greedy and non-greedy regular expressions, 645
grep command, 247-261
      -c option
            listing nonmatching files, 664
      cgrep script, 690-692
      -e option, 666
      -exec operator (find command), using for, 182
      finding commands containing the word "error", 561
      finding file with particular word or string in it, 192
      -l option, 562
            listing matching files, 664
      lookfor script, using in, 193
      -n option, number lines with, 246
      piping output to pager, 890
      redirecting output, 754
      regular expressions, evaluating and matching, 635
      regular expressions, use of
            printing every address in your incoming mailbox, 639
      regular expressions used with, search pattern examples, 654
      -v option
            excluding files from deletion, 275
      who command, using with, 38
      -Z option for compressed files, 35
grep commands
      agrep, 247, 251
      case-insensitive searches, 258
      compound searches, 256, 257
      egrep, 247, 250
      egrep -f and fgrep -f, 251
      fgrep, 247
      GNU context greps, 254
            -A option, 254
            -B option, 254
            -C option, 254
      grep, 247
            -c option, 249
            -i option, 249
            -l option, 249
            ps command, using with, 249
            -v option, 249, 258
            -w option, 249
      highlighting text with hgrep, 260
      multiline context grep using sed, 255
      rcsgrep, 248, 252-254
      running on RCS files with rcsgrep script, 253
      searching files for matching line of text, 8
      very fast versions (such as GNU grep/egrep/fgrep), 248
group ID (see GID)
-group operator (find command), 186
grouping operator (( )), 177, 251, 645
groups
      denying permissions with, 988
      file ownership, 995
      file ownership, determining, 998
      group ownership and, 986-988
      ownership of files, changing, 856
      ownership of files in directories, 149
      permissions
            denying, 996
            directory with setgid bit, 985
            listing for files, 1007
            setting to same as file owner, 1001
      process groups, 453
      Unix user/group infrastructure, 982
groups command, 987, 1007
gsub command (awk), 385
:gt operator (C shell), 85
gt operator (Perl), 846
guest accounts, 953
GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 7
      operating systems, 5
      Python, 875
      Tcl/Tk commands for, using in wish shell, 10
      wrapping interactive programs with, using Expect, 570
gunzip utility, 282
      -c option, writing uncompressed data to standard output, 283
      -N option, 282
      recreating original tar files with, 408
gzcat command, 283
gzip utility, 281, 790, 794
      gzip -c command, 888
      gzip -l command, 282

H[ Top ]
h or H (hold) commands, sed editor, 688
      h command, 690
hacking, 5
handlers for DDoS attacks, 973
hangups, background processes and, 445
hangups (see HUP signals)
hard disk quota limits, 290
hard drives, 900
hard links, 205, 210
      broken, 208
      copying, 215
      disk space and, 280
      finding for files, 197
      -i file in home directory for confirmation of file deletion, 267
      symbolic links vs., 206
      tar -l command, printing messages about, 285
      to .enter and .exit files, 631
hardware, 900
      dialup PPP sessions, 910
      disk partitioning, 903
            PCs, 904
      filesystem types and /etc/fstab, 904
      filesystems
            mounting NFS and SMBFS, 908
      kernel boot output for devices, 900
      kernel configuration to support, 902
      modems, 909
      network devices, configuring, 908
      /proc filesystem files, 466
      serial consoles, 912
      sound cards and other, 911
      supported hardware lists, 912
      USB configuration, 911
hash codes, 300
hash command, 520
hashes (Perl), 845, 850
      functions for, 851
      iterating over, 850
head command, 169, 246, 784, 899
      -c option to print characters/bytes, 246
      GNU version, -c nk and -c nm options, 246
      -n option to control number of lines displayed, 246
head of a pathname (:h operator), 547
headers, mail
      creating with cat, 409
      proper formation of, 410
      removing with behead script, 395
help, 32-40
      command versions, 36
      info commands, 38-40
      man command, 32
      searching online manual pages, 34
      terminals, tty command, 37
      Unix system names, 36
      whatis command, 33
      whereis command, 33
      who command, 38
help command (lpc), 918
here documents, 534, 560
hereis document terminators, 761
hgrep script, 260
hidden files, listing with and ls -a and ls -A, 163
hierarchy, filesystem, 822
highlighting, 159
      hgrep script, using, 260
      in shell prompts, 79
histchars shell variable, changing history characters with, 615
histfile shell variable (tcsh), 47
HISTFILESIZE environment variable, 606
history command, 593
      -d and -f options, showing dates and times, 599
      -D option, showing elapsed time, 599
      -h option, 609
      listing specified number of previous commands, 597
      -r (reverse) option, 609
            bash shell, cautions about using, 598
      -w option, 609
.history file, 606
      tcsh shells, 47
history number in shell prompts, 72, 594, 598
      multiline C-shell prompt, 76
history of commands, 10, 593-616
      !$ sequence for safety with wildcards, 597
      changing history characters with histchars, 615
      checking with :p operator, 605
      history numbers, 597-599
      history substitution
            !$ sequence, 595
            mkdir command, using with, 153
            !:n* sequence, 595
      history substitutions, 599-604
      narrowing searches with, 257
      passing to other shells, 608
      repeating commands with, 558
      saving history in history file, 606-608
            bash, ksh, and zsh shells, 606
            C shells, 607
      shell command line-editing, 609-615
            bash, 614
            Emacs editing mode, 611
            ksh (Korn shell), 613
            tcsh shell, 611-613
            vi editing mode, 610
            zsh, 615
history shell variable, 712
history substitution, 573, 594, 599-604
      disabling in bash, 616
      editing substitutions in C shells, zsh, and bash, 547-549
      for loop, using for, 554
HISTSIZE environment variable, 593, 606
HOBLink JWT RDP client, 966
hold (h or H) commands, sed editor, 681, 688
      h command, 690
HOLD SCREEN button, 102
hold space (sed editor), 690
      transforming part of a line, use in, 683-685
home directory, 22
      bin subdirectory, creating, 149
      finding, 148, 629
      HOME environment variable, 706
      pathname of, 51
$HOME environment variable, 51, 148
HOME environment variable, 629, 706
$HOME/.rhosts file, 142
host allow directive, 953
host tool, 946
host-based access control, 143
host-based modems, 910
hostname command, 36
hostnames
      completion by shells, 551
      for IP address, finding with dig -x, 941
      mapped to IP addresses by DNS, 945-947
      NETBIOS, 954
      in shell prompts, 71
            multiline C-shell prompt, 76
      showing with who am i command, 56
hosts
      .cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup, 60
      trusted-host authentication on SSH, 1016
hosts.equiv file, 142
HTML, 929
      converted into PostScript, 931
      editing files with batch editing script, 375
      file extensions, 17
htmllib and HTMLParser modules, 876
HTMLParser module, 878
HTTP
      Emacs facility for, 357
      URI protocol types, 832
hung terminals, fixing, 100-104
      aborting programs, 103
      output stopped by HOLD SCREEN or SCROLL LOCK button, 102
      program waiting for input, 102
      stalled data connection, 102
      stopped jobs, checking for, 102
HUP (hangup) signals, 468, 471
      ignoring with nohup command, 445
.hushlogin file, 43
hyphen (see - (dash), under symbols)
HZ constant, frequency of system time updates, 781

I[ Top ]
ICA client, installing, 964
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 936, 937
      diagnostic and traffic control messages, 938
icons
      navigation, for resources shared with SMB network, 956
      text, setting for xterms, 111
IDE (Integrated Development Environment), Emacs as, 356
identifiers
      group ID (GID), 453
      process ID (PID), 453
      user IDs (UIDs), 453
      (see also entries under identifier names)
identity, Python objects, 873
if (! $?prompt) exit test, 53
if command (awk), 385
if statements
      : used as do-nothing place filler, 746
      debugging, 776
      syntax for Bourne shell, 717
      test command, using with, 735
      testing exit status with, 716-718
      in xmessage command line, 771
ifconfig tool, 900, 908, 939
if/else block, testing multiple conditionals in, 717
IFS (internal field separator) shell variable, 766
if-then-else loops
      cgrep script, using in, 692
      csh aliases, use in, 579
      Perl scripts, using in, 852
ignoreeof variable, 90
ignoring filenames in ls command listing, 161
@INC array (Perl), 841
      module paths in, 844
incremental backups, 798-800
incremental searches in Emacs, 362
indentation
      in Bourne shell scripts with <<- operator, 535
      Perl script for text, 396
      in Python scripts, 871
index command (awk), 385
indexes
      Bourne shell arrays, 195
      C shell arrays, 195
      hashes, 850
industrial strength backups, 806
inequality
      != operator, 846
      ne operator, 846
inetd daemon, 942
      disabling for security reasons, 979
      Expect scripts with, 570
      running Samba daemons, 954
infinite loops
      tail -f command, creating with, 244
info command, 38-40
inheritance
      process information, 454
      variables, 711
_ _init_ _( ) method (Python classes), 873
init program, 435, 437, 452
      collecting child processes after parent exits, 480
initialization files (Emacs), 358
initializing new cvsroot, 819
inodes, 202, 262
      -ctime (change time) operator, using with find, 176
      file permissions in, 995
      information in, 263
      i-numbers for parent directory entries, 207
      ls -c command for, 156
      ls -i command, listing number for each directory entry, 206
      tar utility and, 788
input events, 131
input (see input/output; standard input)
input/output (I/O)
      checking statistics for security problems, 977
      find command -print0 option, 180
      output from at command, quieting, 496
      output from background jobs, stopping, 444
      output from command, sending to nohup.out file, 445
      piping shell loop output to pager, 35
      Python, 875
      redirecting for programs, 753
      redirecting (see redirecting input and output)
      stopped terminal output, debugging, 102
      (see also standard error; standard input; stardard output)
INPUTRC environment variable, 707
.inputrc file, 47
inputrc file
      customizing bash editing in, 614
insert command (ex), 371
insert mode for pasting text, 110
insertion mode (Emacs), 360
installing
      Python, 869
installing Perl, 842
installing software, 822-838
      challenges of, 824
      curl application, using, 836
      Debian apt-get tool, using, 832-834
            configuring sources.list file, 832
      Debian dselect tool, using, 825-832
            access method, choosing, 826-828
            choosing packages for installation or removal, 828-830
            configuring packages, 831
            exiting, 832
            exiting select function, 830
            installing packages, 831
            removing packages, 831
            updating information on available packages, 828
      FreeBSD packages, using, 837
      FreeBSD Ports, using, 837
      GNU wget utility, using, 834-836
      make utility, problems with differing versions, 824
      RPM, using, 838
      simplifying the make process, 824
      /usr/bin and other directories for, 822
instance of an object, application resources associated with, 128
instance variables (Python), 873
instances of Python classes, 873
int command (awk), 385
INT (interrupt) signal, 468
      killing processes waiting for NFS resources, 471
      sending with CTRL-c command, 469
Integrated Development Environment (IDE), Emacs as, 356
interactive command-line editing, 594, 609-615
      bash, 614
      Emacs editing mode, 611
      ksh (Korn shell), 613
      tcsh shell, 611-613
      vi editing mode, 610
      zsh shell, 615
interactive commands, 7
interactive logins
      starting remote X clients from, 141
interactive mode for shells, 515
interactive programs
      controlling with Expect program, 567-570
      nice command and, 510
      testing with Expect, 570
interactive renaming of files, 213
interactive shells, 48, 49
      Bourne shell
            ENV environment variable, 45
      setup files, reading at different times, 52
interactive spell checking, 296
interation in loops, 623
intergers in Perl, 845
internal commands, 13
internal field separator (IFS) shell variable, 766
Internet, 28
Internet Control Message Protocol (see ICMP)
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP), 945
Internet Protocol (IP), 936
interoperability
      POSIX standard, 6
interpolating variables, 845
interpretation of commands by shells (see commands)
interpreted languages, 869
interpreter
      Python, 870
interpreter, perl, 839
interrupt characters, setting, 104
interrupting commands
      in a string of commands separated by semicolons, 564
interrupting jobs, 444
interrupts
      shell scripts, trapping exits caused by, 721
intr key, 105
intruder detection, 977
-inum operator (find command), 272
-inum operator (find command), 180, 197
i-number (inodes), 262
i-numbers
      deleting files by, 272
invalid symbolic links, 209
"inverse if" statement, 717, 718
invisible files, 273
I/O-bound processes, 501
      nice command, effect of, 507
IP Control Message Protocol (see ICMP)
IP (Internet Protocol)
      addresses
            DHCP and, 947
            displaying with dig, 941
            mapping hostnames to, 945
            network devices, 908
            private network addresses and, 948
      addresses and ports, 936-938
            addresses, 937
            ports, 937
      IP masquerading on Linux, 949
      TCP, UDP, and ICMP with, 937
      Version 4 (IPv4), 937
      Version 6 (IPv6), 937
irc utility, 30
IRIX systems
      restricted shell (rsh), 143
isc-dhcpd daemon, 948
ispell program, 296
iterating
      through arrays, 849
      through key-value pairs in hashes, 850
      through list elements with foreach, 853
iterating shell variables over arguments, 779

J[ Top ]
Java
      applet VNC client, 959
      HOBLink JWT (RDP client), 966
jiffies (hundredths of a second), 464
job control, 326, 435-450
      autowrite and, 442
      basics of, 437
            how it works, 437
            using from your shell, 437
      Linux virtual consoles, use in, 447
      potential problems with, 440
      process groups, 453
      remote login sessions, stopping, 449
      running background jobs without, 446
      shell features for, 454
      STOP signal, using to stop forking processes, 478
job numbers
      putting job into foreground or background with, 440
job numbers, assignment to background processes, 438
jobs, 454
      at command, checking and removing, 496
      at command, making quiet, 496
      current job, 439, 442
      deciding when to run, 497
      effective use of, 438-440
      foreground
            killing, 469
      killing by process ID number, 436
      notification of changed job state, 444
      output from background jobs, stopping, 444
      previous job, 439
      running without job control, 446
      stopping to relieve overloaded system, 443
      terminating or stopping, control keys for, 105
jobs command, 436, 438
      stopped jobs, checking for, 102
join command, 417
jot utility
      commands, repeating with, 554
Joy, Bill, 93

K[ Top ]
kernel, 7
      backing up, 791
      daemons, 14-16
      relationship with shell, utilities, and applications, 8
      running scripts from, 743
            env command, using, 745
            script filename as argument, 744
      scheduler program, 500
      signals and, 468
      starting processes, 754
      statistics on (/proc/stat file), 464
kernel boot output for, 900
kernels
      boot output, reading, 900
      configuration, 902
      modules for device drivers, 900
      PPP code in, 910
      recompiling to turn on IP forwarding, 949
Kernighan, Brian, 477
key bindings
      bindkey command, 611-613
      to built-in Emacs editor functions in Korn shell, 613
key bindings in Emacs, 354
      for incremental searches, 362
key definitions, 237
key mappings
      .exrc file for vi editor, saving in, 312
keybindings
      zsh command-line editing, 615
keyboard macros, Emacs, 356
keyboard shortcuts
      command completion in Emacs, 360
      vi map commands, 336-340, 344-351
keycode keyword, 126
keymap table, maintained by X server, 124
keymapping, 336
keymaps, vi
      cursor motion in text-input mode without arrow keys, 349
      further examples of, 347
      noremap command and, 350
      pasting text into window system running vi, 343
      protecting from interpretation by ex, 343
      for repeated edits, 345
      repeating, 348
      (see also map commands, vi)
keys
      defining with xmodmap, 124-127
      public/private key pair for encrypted information, 943
keys, cryptographic
      SSH, problems with, 1019-1021
keys function (Perl), 851
keysym mappings, 124-128
keysyms
      debugging, 127
key-value pairs for hashes, 850
kill -9 command, 469
kill character, @ (at sign) as, 106
kill command, 469, 470
      aborting programs, 103
      closing window by killing its processes, 484-487
            shell script, using, 486
            web browser (example), 485
            xterm window (example), 484
      hung window or process in a window, killing, 482
      jobs, killing by job number, 438
      -KILL or -9 option, 470
      killall -i, 476
      killing all processes, 473
      killing processes by name, 474
      -l option, signals for, 722
      %num, 436
      pid, 436
      process ID-1 and, 473
      restarting daemons, 471-473
      -STOP $$, 455
      stopping jobs on overloaded system, 443
      unkillable processes, 479
      user ID and, 453
      zap script, using, 477
kill key, 105
KILL signal, 468, 470
killall command, -i (interactive) option, 476
ksh (Korn shell), 10, 513
      alias command, 520
      aliases, 571, 574, 575
      arrays, 195
            expanding ranges, 196
      bgnice option, 482
      command history (see history of commands)
      command-line arguments in shell scripts, 725
      command-line editing, 613
      completion features, 549
      dynamic prompts, simulating, 72
      ENV variable, 706
      environment variables, 707
      fc -l command, listing previous commands with, 598
      FPATH search path for shell functions, 588
      globbing (wildcard expansion), preventing, 660
      history file, 606
      ignoreeof variable, 90
      job control commands, 436
      limiting file size, 280
      logging out of, 90
      logout, running commands at, 90
      parsing strings, using set and IFS, 766
      passing command history to, 608
      .profile file, 47
      prompt, setting, 71
      prompts
            nonprinting characters in, 80
      reading arguments, 526
      read-only functions, 585
      redirecting standard I/O, 887
      scripts in this book, 516
      shell functions for pushd and popd commands, 624
      special characters/operators in, 536-539
      string editing operators, 748
      terminal port type, putting into ttykind shell variable, 58
      ulimit -c command, removing limits on core dumps, 281
      wildcards, failing to match, 662

L[ Top ]
la function, 581
lambda statement (Python), 872
lambda statements (Python)
      as function arguments, 873
last access time for files, 156
      deleting files by, 274
last line of a file (ed and sed), referring to with $, 639
last modification time for files, 168
      (see also timestamps)
last operator (Perl), 853
lastcomm command, 504
      piping output or redirecting to a file, 505
LATEX, 928
Layer 3 Internet Protocol (IP), 936
Layer 4 protocols, 936, 937
lc operator, 846
LDAP server for system passwords, 956
leave function, 81
length command (awk), 385
lensort script, 429
less command
      highlighting matched patterns, 261
      zless, for compressed files, 283
less program, 9, 236-??, 236, ??-237
      -N option, numbering lines with, 246
      PAGER environment variable, 706
      piping ls command output to, 157
      piping to, 889
      -s option for squashing extra blank lines, 241
less than (<) operator, 762, 846
less than or equal to (<=) operator, 847
lesskey program, 237
letters, ASCII class for, 110
letter-sized pages, 922
lexical analyzer (lex), 306
lf function, 581
/lib directory, 823
libraries
      Perl modules
            using in scripts, 844
      shell functions, 738
licenses
      Citrix, 963
      Microsoft, in a WTS environment, 963
lightweight varieties of Unix, 6
limit and ulimit system calls, 280
line #: ;; unexpected error, 776
line command, 755
line commands in vi, 331
line editors (see batch editing)
line function, 723
line numbers
      resetting, 776
      in sed addresses, 672
line termination characters (see newlines)
line termination in Python, 871
line-by-line and search using sed, awk, or perl, 256
linefeeds (Unix), ASCII character for, 11
lines
      addressing for batch editing, 369
      comparing for uniqueness, 418
      counting with wc command, 303
      deleting duplicate
            Perl script, using, 430
      deleting duplicates, 427
      deleting in Emacs, 354
      joining with join command, 417
      macro for wrapping in vi editor, 350
      numbering in file printout, 246
      sorting by length, 429
LINES and COLUMNS environment variables, 59
      resizing/resetting for windows, 100
lines of text retained by scrollbar, 109
Lingua::EN::NameParse Perl module, 431
link count, 206
linking files, 201, 203-212
      creating and removing links, 208
      directories, linking, 210
      directory, links to, 207
      filenames for symbolic links, showing, 212
      hard links, 205
      hard links vs. symbolic links, 206
      reasons for, 203-205
      symbolic links, 205
            stale, 209
linkname, ln command and, 208
links
      copying, 215
      disk space and, 279
      to .exrc files, 312
      to filenames, 737, 748
      to files
            inodes and, 263
      hard links
            finding to files, 197
      -links operator (find command), 176
      optimizing disk space with, 279
      to programs, 737, 748
      tar -l command, printing messages about hard links, 285
      unlinking in Perl, 856
Linux, 3, 6
      adding users to system, 984
      automount daemons and devfsd for removable media, 907
      backups to a local device, 790-795
            compression, advantages/disadvantages of, 794
            deciding what to back up, 791
            floppies or zip disks, 794
            tape, 792
            utilities for, 795
      bash shell, 10
      color names, displaying with GNU ls command, 158
      Debian Linux
            apt-get tool, 832-834
            dselect tool for accessing dpkg installation package, 825-832
            kernel boot output for devices, 901
            single-user mode, 985
      devices on PCIbus, showing, 901
      disk partitions, 904
      displaying latest entries from kernel ring buffer, 242
      enabling gatewaying, 949
      groups, changing primary with newgrp, 987
      HOWTO for kernel configuration, 903
      HOWTO for serial consoles, 912
      HZ constant for system time updates, 781
      ifconfig file output, 939
      info command, 38
      installing software with RPM, 838
      IP masquerading, 949
      ipconfig and route files (2.4 kernels), 940
      listing all processes running on, 14
      loadkeys command, 105, 124
            system-level changes to key mappings, 126
      mounting SMB drives onto their local filesystems with smbmnt, 952
      netstart, displaying routing information with, 940
      nvi-1.79 editor, locking files before editing, 773
      OpenSSH, 1012
      port, testing for, 57
      /proc filesystem, 979
      Python, inclusion of, 869
      Red Hat and Debian, shortcut to creating periodic processes, 492-494
      Red Hat Linux
            adduser (or useradd) utility, 984
            /contrib directory, sshd.pam file, 1015
            Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), support of, 823
            installing chroot with anonftp-* (RPM), 944
            performance issues, shell as interpreter, 744
            /proc filesystem (in Version 6.2), 463-468
            single user mode, accessing, 985
      route command, 940
      security, web site information on, 971
      signal 15 (termination), 439
      sound card configuration, 912
      TCP wrappers, 981
      USB devices on, 911
      virtual consoles, 83, 447
            switching between, 92
            tty-type, scrolling, and copy and paste operations, 448
      virtual machine running Windows, 962
LISP programming language
      Emacs customization, 357
lists, 849
      references to, 852
ln command, 208
      -s option, 209
      -s option, 208
lndir program, 211
load averages, system, 506
-load option (xrdb), 139
loadkeys command, 124
local command, 583
local crontab entries, 494
local dictionary files, 295
local programs, 210
LOCAL_OPTIONS option (zsh), 586
locate command, 174, 187
      database for, 190
      shell wildcards, matching, 189
      updating database for, 188
lockfiles, creating, 772-774
locking files (RCS), 815
log command (awk), 386
log files
      CVS, 819
      CVS, examining for conflicting changes, 821
      disk space and, 279
      global alias for in zsh, 576
      monitoring with tail -f, 245
      smb.conf, settings for, 953
$LOGDIR environment variable, 51
LOGDIR environment variable, 629, 706
log-file-monitoring programs
      tail -f, 243
logging in, 452
      changing login sequence, 54-60
logging out
      background processes in Bourne shells, avoiding termination of, 441
      by killing user's login shell, 471
logging (xterm), elimination for security reasons, 114
logical expressions, evaluating, 183
logical operators, 763
login command, 709
.login file, 46, 48
      interactive C shells and, 52
      SHLVL variable, resetting, 83
      TERM environment variable, testing, 55
      terminal type, setting with qterm, 97
login shells, 43, 48, 61
      bash, 47
      C shell, setting up, 46
      command search table, resetting for scripts, 699
      killing, 471
      Korn shell, 47
      setup files, 48
      setup files, contents of, 49
      SHELL environment variable, 706
      xterm or rxvt, running on, 107
      zsh shell, setting up, 47
login(l) command, system-wide setup, 45
logins
      disabling, 993
      external root login access, 990
      interactive
            starting remote X clients from, 141
      procedure for terminals (non-network), 452
      remote
            stopping sessions, 449
      root, 79
      shells disallowing, 44
      terminal hangs during, 100
loginsh variable (tcsh shell), 48
loginshell variable, setting, 48
LOGNAME environment variable, 706
logout command (C shell), 708
.logout file
      reading when last top-level shell exits, 52
      running commands when logging out, 89
.logout file (C shell), 46
logout files, creating for Bourne and Korn shells, 90
logouts
      accidental, from Bourne shells, 90
      bash shell, 47
long listing (-l option), 156
long listing, ls -l command, 165
look command, 259, 299
      -df options, 299
lookfor shell script, 193
loopback mounts, 907
loops, 12
      alias definition, 578
      basename and dirname used with, 752
      controlling with break and continue, 623, 730
      endless, 771
      exit status of, 753
      for loops in Bourne-type shells, repeating commands with, 556
      foreach loops, repeating commands with variations, 554
      if-then-else, putting in C shell aliases, 579
      iterating through arrays, 849
      parameters for, 556
      in Perl scripts, 852-854
            flow-control operators, 853
      redirected input/output, line numbers reset in, 776
      running command and testing exit status, 719
      in shell functions, 581
loosely typed language, 845
lp command, 916
      LPDEST environment variable, 706
lpc commands, 917
      exit, 918
      help, 918
      restart, 918
      status, 916
lpd daemon, 923
      filter scripts, 932
      running files through filter, 924
LPDEST environment variable, 706
lpq command, 472
lpr command, 915
      for loop, using with, 560
      PRINTER environment variable, 706
      printing 10 file copies, shortcut for, 546
lprm command, 916
lpstat command, 916
lr alias, 162
ls command, 13
      -- color option, 158
      -A option, 163
            filenames beginning with . (dot), 273
      aa option, 163
      aliases for, 163
            -C option, 165
            -F option with, 164
            -la (for ls -a or -A), 164
            ll (for ls -l), 165
            lr, 162
      -b option
            listing filenames with nonASCII characters, 271
            printing octal values of nonprinting characters, 166
      -c option, 156
      -C option (output in columns), 157
      color, displaying names in, 158-161
            -G option, 161
      -d option (listing directories), 157
      -F (tcsh built-in), 158, 159
      filenames and, 20
      find command, using with, 174
      GNU, 161
      -i option, 263
      -il option, 180
      -l option, 156, 263
            character count for files, 304
            checking startup files for ownership, 101
            file permissions and, 188
            file permissions, listing, 995, 1006
            listing files by last modification time, 168
      -lai option, 206
      -lg option, 1007
      piping output to wc command, 303
      -q option
            converting nonprinting characters to ?, 166
            nonASCII characters, 271
      -Q (quoting) option, 165
      -R option (listing subdirectories), 157
      -s option, 185
      shell functions with options, 581
      System V Unix, nonprinting characters and, 166
      -t option, 155
      -u option, 156
-ls flag (for login shell), 107
-ls operator (find command), 184
LS_COLORS environment variable, 159, 707
      setting with dircolors command, 159
LSCOLORS environment variable, 161
lt operator (Perl), 846
LyX editor, 929

M[ Top ]
m command, marking place in vi editor, 334
m (ending escape sequence), 158
-m (map) option (tset command), 95
MAC (Ethernet) address, 948
Mac OS X, 3
      Darwin, 6
            downloading and installing One-Step, 836
            enabling root access to, 993
      passwords, storing, 11
      SSH on, 1011
      swap space, checking contents of /var/vm with ls, 976
      Terminal application, 44
            color capabilities, 79
            command-k to delete scrollback buffer, 89
      user and group management through Netinfo, 984
Macintosh
      carriage returns in text files, translating to newlines, 406
      keyboards, CTRL and CAPS LOCK, 125
      Microsoft Word file, converting for Unix, 11
macros
      Emacs, 356
      troff -man, 65
magic-space tcsh editor function, 612
mail, 944
      directory for, 152
      Emacs facility, 357
      headers, removing with behead script, 395
      permissions for files, 996
      SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol), 944
mail exchanger (MX) records, 941, 945
      stored by DNS, 946
mail program, 28
      \ (backslash) before history characters, 616
      redirecting input for, 885
      redirecting standard error to, 889
      sending yourself email copy of fortune, 772
      shortcut for multiple addresses, 546
Mail User Agents (MUAs or UAs), 945
mailboxes, disk space and, 279
mailto utility, 408
Main Options menu (xterm), 113
make utility, 230-233
      configuring source code, 841
      installing Samba, 952
      make clean command, 825
      make distclean command, 825
      software installation problems with differing versions, 824
makealias command, 580
Makefile.in (configure file), 825
Makefiles (or makefiles), 231-233
      for NIS, 232
      for Perl, 841
makewhatis utility, 33
man command, 32
      command-line options, 32
-man macros (troff), 65
MANPATH environment variable, 33, 707
      adding, 66
manual pages
      formatted with nroff commands, 927
      locating for a program, 33
      MANPATH environment variable, 707
      Perl
            perldata manpage for variable interpolation, 845
            on Unix system, 844
      searching, 34
      for shell prompts, 71
      types of, 35
map( ) function, 872
map commands, vi, 336-340
      arrow key mappings in text-input mode, disadvantages of, 339
      command mode maps, 337
      text-input mode maps, 338
            | (vertical bar), quoting in, 344
            arrow keys, mapping, 339
            disabling temporarily, 339
      (see also keymaps, vi)
mappings, keyboard events at server level (see keysym mappings)
mark command, 630
markup languages, 928
master password file, 25
master word list, ispell program, 301
match command (awk), 386
matching (see grep commands; pattern matching; regular expressions)
max log size directive (smb.conf), 953
-maxdepth operator (find command), 272
maximum file size, setting in shells, 280
memory
      information about from meminfo file, 463
      virtual memory statistics, checking, 977
menu completion, 551
menu prompts, 79
menus
      xterm, 113-114
-merge option (xrdb), 137
merging files
      in CVS, 820
      in RCS, 817
Message Transfer Agents (MTAs), 944
      MX records, use of, 946
META key in Emacs (see ESC-x in Emacs)
metacharacters
      . (dot)
            csplit search patterns, escaping in, 403
      display by cat -v command, 238
      displayed by od -c, 239
      in regular expressions
            ^ and $ anchor characters, 638
      , 536, 636, 637
            . (dot), matching any character with, 640
            examples of use, 650
            Perl, 854
            search and replace commands for sed or ex, 655
            valid metacharacters for different Unix programs, 651
      shell, 636
      in shells, 536
      wildcard pattern matching in case statements, 714
      in X event translations, 132
Metaframe (Citrix), 963, 964
Metamail utilities, 408
methods, 844
      Python, 873
Microsoft
      licensing, strictness of, 963
      security, 971
      Windows (see Windows)
      Word (Macintosh) file, converting to Unix, 11
MIME encoding, 408-410
mimencode utility, 408
minus sign (see - (dash), under Symbols)
MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), 30
mkdir (2) system call, adding directories and their hard links, 207
mkdir command, 152, 187
      history substitution, 153
      -m option, 153
      -p (parents) option, 153
mkfifo command, 897
/mnt directory, 823
modem input, written with send, 568
modem output, reading by expect, 568
modems, 900, 909
      personal LAN over, gatewaying from, 950
      testing with Expect program, 570
modems, checking for stalled data connections, 102
modes
      access permissions after chmod, 1000
      editing modes in Emacs, 356
      for directories, 148
      xterm menus, setting with, 114
modification times for files, 154
      csh alias to list recently changed, 162
      finding files by, 168
      listing newest file, 169
      -mtime operator (find command), 175
      sorting files by (ls -t), 155
modifiers for patterns, 856
modifiers (in regular expressions), 637
mod_python module, 876, 879
modules
      kernel, for device drivers, 900
      PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules), 1015
      Perl
            Audio::SoundFile, 842
            CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network), 431
            use module statement in scripts, 844
      Python, 869, 874
            cgi, 878
            checking your version for, 870
            htmllib and HTMLParser, 876, 878
            mod_python, 879
            urllib, 876
            urllib2, 876, 877
modulus (%) operator, 762
month order, sorting in, 428
more command
      case-insensitive searches, faking, 258
more program, 236-237
      PAGER environment variable, 706
      piping to, 889
      -s option for squashing extra blank lines, 241
      sed output, displaying, 671
      starting, 454
MOTD, security and, 978
mount command, 900
      loop option, 907
mounting
      Network File System, 908
mounting filesystems, 905, 906
      Network File System, 101
mouse
      copy and past in tty-type virtual terminals with, 448
      Emacs editors, not having to use in, 355
mouse for xterms, 107
move command (ex), 371
moving blocks of text delimited by patterns, 317
moving files and directories, 201
      between filesystems, 203
      file, moving into another directory, 202
moving text with vi editor, 313
Mozilla browser, closing window by killing its processes, 485
mt command, 793
MTAs (see Message Transfer Agents)
-mtime operator (find command), 175, 178
mtr (Matt's traceroute), 942
MUAs (Mail User Agents), 945
multiline commands
      secondary prompts and, 559
      sed editor, 670
multiline quoting, Bourne shell, 530-531
multiline replacement strings, sed editor, 677
multiline shell prompts, 76
multiple-line patterns, grep using sed, 255
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (see MIME encoding)
munchlist script, 302
mutliprocessing on Unix, 435
mv command, 202
      -f option, 1002
      file ownership and, 998
      -i option, 213
      modifying file without write permission, 1004
      renaming files, 165
      renaming groups of files and, 212
mx function, 581
M-x in Emacs (see ESC-x in Emacs)
MX (see mail exchanger record)
my operator (Perl variable declaration), 844

N[ Top ]
n or N (next) commands, sed editor, 690
-name operator (find command), 176, 249
      using with -exec, 183
-name operator (find command)
      -print operator, combining with, 184
-name option, effect on resources, 135
named buffers, transferring text among with vi editor, 313
named pipes (FIFOs), 897
named.conf file, 947
names
      of applications and resources, 135
      computers on network, 36
      Domain Name Service (DNS), 945-947
      of programs, in error messages, 736
      SMB peers (NETBIOS), 954
      usernames, 983
nameservers (NS), 941
namesort script, 430
namespaces in Python, 874
naming
      commands, 736
      environment variables, 704
      files, 150
      shell scripts, 736
NAT (see Network Address Translation)
natd daemon, 949
navigating Unix filesystem, 617-632
      automatic directory setup, 630
      cd, speeding up with aliases, 627
      changing directories, 622
      changing directories with c (shell function), 627
      current directory, 620
            finding, 621
      finding (anyone's) home directory, 629
      loop control, break and continue, 623
      marking your place with shell variable, 630
      relative and absolute pathnames, 618
      shell pushd and popd commands, 624-626
navigation icons for resources shared with SMB network, 956
nawk utility, 379
      awk variables, support of, 382
      examples, 760
      version history, 388
ndown (network down) script, 486
ndown script, 564
ne (inequality) operator, 846
neatening text (see editing; fmt command)
negative numbers as variable values, 778
nested command substitution, 768
nested loops, breaking or continuing, 624, 730
nesting
      ` ` (backquotes), 562
NETBIOS name, 954
Netinfo, Mac OS X user/group management with, 984
Netinfo, storing MacOS X passwords, 11
netpbm package, 933
netscape -remote technique, 574
netstat command, 940, 976
Network Address Translation (NAT), 937, 948
      for PPP connections, 950
      private addresses, 948
network cards, kernel boot output for, 900
network devices
      configuring with ifconfig, 908
network devices, configuring, 900
Network File System (see NFS)
Network Information Service (NIS), 11
network interfaces for gateways, 948
network time synchronization, 781
networking language (SMB on Windows), 951
networking utilities, 28
networks
      archiving files for, 808
      checking connections for security breaches, 976
      computers, names of, 36
      configuration of network devices (ifconfig file), 939
      diagnosing problems with ping and traceroute, 941
      printing over, 923
            CUPS package, 933
      starting and disabling for dialup connections, 564
      (see also connectivity)
newer alias (printing newest filename), 169
-newer operator (find command), 179
newgrp command, 987, 998
newlines
      as argument separators, 527
      awk procedures, separating, 381
      in Bourne shell quoting, 532
      different characters for, 27
      DOS, converting to Unix, 822
      Mac vs. Unix, 11
      \n
            in bash shell prompt, 77
            in Bourne-type shells, 77
            in event translation tables, 132
      quoted in sed, shell interpretation of, 697
      in sed multiline replacement strings, 686-688
      in sed replacement, 676
      translating Mac carriage returns to, 406
      in vi @-functions, 342
news
      Emacs facility for, 357
      removing headers with behead script, 395
next command (awk), 386
next (n or N) commands, sed editor, 685, 690
next operator (Perl), 853
nextdir command, 195
NFS (Network File System), 30
      directories, backups to remote tape drive, 797
      directories remotely mounted by, hung terminals and, 101
      find command, preventing from searching, 200
      installing packages residing on server, 827
      mounting, 908
NFS (Network File Systems)
      file recovery, vi -r command vs., 324
nice command, 506-510
      background processes and, 441
      BSD Unix
            C shell, 508
            standalone, 508
      foreground jobs and, 510
      renice command, 443, 507, 510
      System V
            standalone, 509
nice numbers, 507, 510
      BSD C shell nice, 508
      BSD standalone nice, 508
      System V C shell nice, 509
      System V standalone nice, 509
niceness, 507
      System V, C shell nice, 509
NIS (Network Information Service), 11
nl program (line-numbering), 246
n>&m operator
      echo commands ending with, 722
      examples, 769
      redirecting standard output and standard error, 756-759
nmbd daemon, 952
nobody (generic user for HTTP web pages), 975
noclobber shell variable, 267, 892
noglob option, 660
nohup command, 445
      background processes, avoiding termination of, 441
      disown vs., 447
nohup.out file, 445
nom script, 666
      trap command in, 722
non-ASCII characters in filenames, deleting files with, 271
noninteractive shells, 49
nonlogin files
      bash, 47
nonlogin shells
      Bourne shell, .profile file and, 46
      startup files, 48
      xterm, configuring for, 108
nonprintable characters
      displaying with od -c command, 239
nonprintable characters in filenames, 166
"nonprintable" or "control" characters, 9
nonprinting characters
      erasing with sed to eliminate extra blank lines, 242
      filenames with, file deletion and, 273
      ls command, System V Unix, 166
      octal values of, printing with ls -b, 166
      showing with cat -v, 237
nonprinting escape sequences in a prompt, 80
non-rewinding tape devices, 792
noremap command (vi), 350
not a tty message, 460
not equal to (!=) operator, 846
NOT operator, 177
not operator, 847
NOT operator (!), 381
NOT operator (!), using with find command, 179
notification of changed job state, 444
notification of job-state changes, 436
-nouser or -nogroup operators (find command), 186
nroff program, 927
      commands in, 35
      formatting text with sed, 392
      -man macros, 65
NT domains, 951
NUL characters, 238, 899
      delimiters, using as, 180
null command, 717
null or unset variables, errors caused by, 778
numbering lines, 246
numbers
      ASCII class for, 110
numeric exit status, 455
numeric mode (chmod), 1000
numeric operators, 846
numeric sorting, alphabetic vs., 426
numeric tests, syntax errors in, 777
nup (network up) script, 486
nup script, 564

O[ Top ]
object oriented programming (OOP) in Perl, 844
objects
      file extension, 17
      Python, 873
            creating, 873
            file objects, 875
      resources in applications, association with, 128
objects, Perl, 844
      releasing resources with close( ), 844
octal character strings, 80
octal number
      permissions written as, 1000
octal numbers
      permissions, writing as, 996
      values of nonprinting characters, 166
od -c command, displalying nonprintable files, 237, 239
od -c command, dumping raw directory contets to screen, 202
od command
      -c option, 271
offset script, 396
-ok operator (find command), 181
oldlinks script, 169
on-disk address of file data blocks, 262
One-Step (GNU-Darwin auto-installer for OS X), 836
online documentation (see info command; manual pages)
online manual source file extension, 17
open files
      file descriptors and, 753
OpenSSH, 1012
      Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM), problems with, 1015
operating systems
      BSD Unix, versions of make utility, 824
      filename wildcards, 660
            shells emulating operating systems, 661
      graphical interfaces, 5
      interoperability, 951
      POSIX standard for interoprability, 6
operators
      &&, 216
      ( ) (subshell) operator, 45
      = (assignment) operator, 844
      : (colon), string editing, 547-549
      << (here document) operator, 560
      arithmetic, 762
      array, 849
      array-expanding, 196
      awk utility, 382
      Boolean, 847
      in expressions, 635
            precedence of, 635
      for find command, 171-173
            -exec, 179
            -name, 175
            search operators, 176-178
            time (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime), 178, 179
      find command
            ! and -name, 249
      flow-control, for loops in Perl, 853
      :gt operator (C shell), 85
      if command, awk, 385
      logical, 763
      numerical, 846
      parameter substitution (Bourne shell), 747
      precedence of
            Boolean operators in Perl, 848
      redirect and append (>>), 317
      relational, 762, 846
      in shells, listing with definitions, 536-539
      shift (Perl), 844
      string, 74, 846
      string editing, 748
      unmatched, 776
/opt directory, 35, 823
optimizing disk space, 277-291
      compressing a directory tree, 284
            fine-tuning, 288
      compressing files, 281-284
      executable binaries, stripping, 289
      limiting files sizes, 280
      links, using, 279
      quotas on disk usage, 290
opttest script, 731
or (-o) operator, case command, 770
OR operator, 177
      | in extended regular expressions, 645
      | (logical OR) operator, 763
      agrep command, searching for multiple patterns, 252
      evaluating OR expressions, 183
OR operator (||), 381, 564
or operator (|), 250
or operator (Boolean or), 847
orphans, 461
out-of-date links (see symbolic links, stale)
output (see input/output; standard output)
overriding event translations, 132
overwrite mode (Emacs), 360
overwriting files, 517
ownership, file, 263
      changing with chown function in Perl, 856
      changing without chown command, 1010
      determining, 998
      directory, setting sticky bit, 999
      disk quotas and, 1009
      groups, 986-988, 998
      groups, determining for, 986
      permissions, 994
      remote files, scp -p command and, 1026
      security and, 994
      user, group, and world, 995

P[ Top ]
:p operator, 605
      ^^ history substitution, using with, 596
-p (parents) option (mkdir command), 153
p (print) command, sed editor, 689
packages
      Python, 874
packed file extension, 17
packets, 936
packing files (see archives; compression)
page description languages, 929
      consistency of, 930
page size for printing, 922
PAGER environment variable, 706
pager programs
      more
            displaying sed output, 671
pagers, 236-237
      redirecting input/output to, 889-891
      -s option to squash extra blank lines, 241
      shell debugging output, piping to, 775
pagers, piping shell loop output to, 35
paircheck script, 305
paired item checking, 305
PalmOS
      terminal emulators on, 93
PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules), 1015
paragraphs, preserving with fmt, 391
parameter expansion
      command-line argument quoting, errors caused by, 779
      shortcuts, 780
parameter substitution
      : (colon) used in, 746
      : used in, 747
      examples of, 747
parameters, command-line (see command-line arguments)
parent directory, 24, 202
      creating, 153
      links to, 207
      listing in cdpath variable, 623
parent process, 454
      PID for, 459
parent process ID (PPID), 480
parent-child relationships
      environment variables and, 705
parsing
      command-line, 520
      command-line arguments, 730-732, 733, 734
      HTML, Python module for, 876, 878
      strings using sed editor, 767
      strings with set command, 766
partitioning disks, 903
passmass script, 570
passwd command, 568
passwd file, 25
      root password, resetting, 984
      users, adding entry for, 982
passwords
      access by attackers, 974
      for VNC server, 960
      empty
            SSH server not allowing, 1015
      groups, 998
      local resources shared with SMB network, 953
      root, forgetting, 984
      Samba
            clear text vs. encrypted, 955
      for SMB server, 955
      system file, 11
paste program, 416
pasting text
      between vi's, 330
      from window systems into vi, 343
      in tty-type virtual consoles with the mouse, 448
pasting text in xterm windows, 110
      between windows, 120-122
      xclipboard, using, 117
patch program, 367, 377
      context diffs, use of, 224
PATH environment variable, 587, 705, 708
      command version, getting, 36
      finding commands, 703
      path shell variable and, 709
      searching with #!, 744
      shell functions, searching for, 587
path shell variable, 709
pathnames
      absolute, 13
            avoiding in archives, 813
            tar utility, avoiding use with, 803
      editing, 74
      Emacs, PWD variable and, 363
      filenames stripped from, 752
      files archived on tape drives, 796
      GNU tar backups to remote tape drive, 798
      head of, returning with :h operator, 547
      links to, 212
      login shell, 706
      matching with wildcard expressions in GNU tar, 801
      relative
            absolute vs., 618
            (see also relative pathnames)
      script, testing for, 748
      in shell setup files, 51
      stripped from filenames, 751
      symbols in, 725
      tail of, returning with :t operator, 548
      wildcards in, 658
            reasons not to use, 663
paths
      changing in shell startup files, 519
      echo $PATH command, finding directory pathnames, 149
      local, sharing with SMB network, 953
      in Perl scripts, 845
      search paths, shells, 516, 518-520
            (see also search path)
      set path command, hung terminals and, 101
      tail of each path in dirs output for C shell prompt, 85
      in URIs, 833
pattern matching, 317, 633
      in case statements, 770
      compound searches with vi, 327
      global commands useful with, 318-320
      lowercase letters, 320
      quick reference, 652-656
            replacement patterns, 653
            search and replace commands, 655
            search patterns, 652
      replacement patterns, 645
      search patterns in vi editor, 314
            global searches, 315
      wildcards in case statements, 714
      (see also regular expressions)
pattern space (sed editor), 680, 690
      deleting contents with d command, 692
      deleting portion of with D command, 692
      edits across line boundaries, 685-688
pattern-expansion characters ({ }), 545-547
pattern-matching operators ~ and !~, 385
patterns, 633
      aliases matching a wildcard-type pattern in zsh, 576
      awk utility, 380
      csplit program, for searches, 402-404
      job control mechanism, use of, 439
      matching in Expect program, 567
      regular expressions vs. wildcards (file-matching patterns), 634
      replacement, valid regular expression metacharacters for, 652
      in sed, 688
      (see also regular expressions; replacement patterns; search patterns)
pausing scripts, 489
pbm (portable bitmap) format, 933
pbmplus package, 933
PCL (Printer Command Language), 930
PCs
      keyboard, CTRL and CAPS LOCK, 125
      partitioning PC BIOS disk, 904
      text files, removing carriage returns from, 406
      Universal Serial Bus (USB), support of, 911
PDF, 930
pdksh (public domain Korn shell), 10, 513
      aliases, 575
      command-line editing, 613
      FPATH environment variable for shell functions, 588
      history file, 608
performance, 500-510
      displaying running commands, 504
      global and local problems, 501
      problems with, checking for security breaches, 974-977
            I/O statistics, 977
            network connections, 976
            processes, 974
            swap space, 975
            virtual memory statistics, 977
      process scheduling at lower priority with nice, 506-510
      system load, checking with uptime, 506
      timing processes, 500-502
      timing programs, 503
period (.) (see . (dot), under Symbols)
PERIOD shell variable, 87
periodic commands, 87
periodic execution of programs, 489-495
      crontab entries, adding, 494
      shortcuts to creating, 492-494
      standard input, including in cron entry, 495
Perl, 839-868
      branching and looping, 852-854
      bug reports, filing, 841
      commenting RCS files, 815
      compiling, 841
      configuration information, 840
      configuring
            Configure shell script, 841
      CPAN, library modules on, 431
      data types, 845-852
      documentation
            Plain Old Documentation (POD) system, 843
      documentation (perldoc system), 839
      fields, cutting, 411
      File::Find module, 169
      grep, simulating actions of, 248
      installation, checking, 839
      interpreter (perl), 839
      line-by-line and search using, 256
      modules
            using in scripts, 844
      offset script, 396
      pattern matching (see regular expressions)
      programming in Emacs, editing modes for, 356
      Python vs., 880
      regular expression syntax for ranges, 641
      regular expressions, 854-856
            documentation for, 653
      scripts
            anatomy of typical, 842
      sl script, 212
      sorting lines by length, 430
      sorting names by surname, script for, 431
      Text::Autoformat module, 393
      Unix-like operators, 856
      unlink( ) system call, using, 272
      variables, 844, 845-852
            arrays, 848
            hash, 850
            scalar, 845-848
      versions, 840, 842
perl interpreter, 839
-perm operator (find command), 185
permissions, 994
      changes, handling with aliases, 1002
      changing with chmod, 1000
            = operator, 1001
      for executable files, 699
      execute permission
            without read permission, 1004
      files managed by team of people, 996
      finding files by, 185
      fully accessible directory within unreadable directory, 1005
      group, in directory with setgid bit, 985
      groups that deny, 988, 996
      group-write, 998
            searching for and removing, 180
      information neither personal nor modifiable, 996
      lockfiles, 772-774
      managing, 1006
      modifying files without write access, 1003
      octal number, writing as, 996
      personal information, 996
      read-only, 1002
      remote directory backups and, 797
      security and, 970
      set incorrectly, 514
      shell scripts, 1009
      sticky bit, 999
      umask command, 631, 997
personal directories, 150
personal word list, ispell program, 301
pg program
      piping to, 889
pgm (graymap) format, 933
pick script, 477
pid (process ID)
      killing jobs by, 436
pid (process IDs), 438
PID (see process ID)
Pike, Rob, 477
ping program, 941
pipelines
      exit status of, 716
      starting with cat command, 888
pipes, 9
      buffering output, 894
      commands joined with, 698
      copying directory trees, 216
      find output to xargs ls -l, 184
      locate command output to xargs, 188
      ls command output, 157
      ps command in, 459
      redirecting input/output, 886, 887
            |& operator, 891
            named pipes (FIFOs), 897
            to pagers, 889-891
            tpipe command, 896
      redirecting standard error (but not standard output), 888
pixmaps, 934
pkg_add utility, 837
Plan 9 operating system, 10
Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM), 1015
plus sign (see +, under Symbols)
pnm graphic format, 934
pointers
      to other files or directories (see symbolic links)
      PTR record for IP address, 941
      for screen navigation, 107
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP)
      configuring connection for gatewaying, 950
      setting up dialup session, 910
pop operator (Perl), 849
popd command, 77, 84, 624-626
      clearing directory stack with, 626
portable bitmap format, 934
Portable Bitmap Package, 933-935
portable graymap format, 934
portable pixmap formats, 934
ports
      firewalls and, 949
      HTTP requests, 949
      IP addresses and, 937
      numbers for, 938
      port forwarding, problems with, 1028
      SMTP requests, 949
      terminal, listing of types, 58
      testing port (tty) numbers for terminal setup, 57
      well-known, database in /etc/services, 938
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface), 6
Post Office Protocol (POP or POP3), 945
postfix program, 945
PostScript
      converting text files to, 930
      page description language, 930
      source file extension (.ps), 18
      text files, converting to, 922
ppm (pixmap) format, 934
pr command, 411-413, 920-922
      -h (heading) option, 412
      -l option (page length), 413
      -m option (one file per column), 412
      -number option for columns, 412
      sX option (setting column separator to x), 412
      -t and -n options, 246
precedence of operators, 635
      Boolean operators in Perl, 848
predefined environment variables, 705-707
preprompt commands, 87
      setting, 88
previous job, 439
primary groups, 986
primary partitions, 904
print command (awk), 386
print function, 848
-print operator (find command), 197
      -name operator, using with, 184
printcap file, 923
      apsfilter, installing, 932
printenv command, 465, 704, 712
      checking for environment changes at different systems, 57
Printer Command Language (PCL), 930
PRINTER environment variable, 706
printer queue, watching for errors (watchq script), 472
PRINT_EXIT_VALUE option (zsh), 716
printexitvalue shell variable (tcsh), 716
printf command (awk), 386, 397
printing, 914-935
      commands without executing them (:p operator), 548, 605
      Common Unix Printing System (CUPS), 933
      files, shortcut for, 546
      formatting plain text with enscript, 922
      formatting plain text with pr, 920-922
      languages for, 929
            converting text files into, 930
            converting typeset files into, 931
      lpc commands, 917
      lpr-style commands, 915
      lp-style commands, 916
      markup languages, formatting with, 928
      network, 923
      Portable Bitmap Package, 933-935
      printers, configuring to share with SMB network, 956
      over Samba, 923, 958
            from Unix to Windows printer, 924
            to Unix printers, 924
      spooling system
            converting source files, 932
            lp and lpr, 915
      spooling system for, 914
            symbolic links, using, 919
      typesetting, 925
            manpages with nroff commands, 927
            Unix hitory of, 926
      using different printers, 918
priocntl command, 507
priority of processes, 506-510
      changing with renice command, 510
      Unix definition of, 507
priority ordering for processes, 441
      stopped jobs and, 443
private addresses, 948
private directories, 150
private keys (see public-key cryptography)
/proc filesystem, 463-468
      hardware, 466
      memory information, 463
      security checks using, 979
      /stat file (statistics on the kernel and system), 464
      statistics by PID, 465
      statistics on current process, 464
procedural programming languages, functions in, 872
procedures (awk utility), 381
process groups, 453
      priority of processes in, modifying, 510
      signals sent from keyboard, 470
process ID (PID), 87, 453, 480
      -1, 473
      kill command, feeding to, 470
      statistics of process by, 465
      unique filenames, use in, 170
      zmore script (example), 721
process substitution, 542
      in nom script example, 667
      tee command, using with, 896
processes
      background (see background processes)
      background and foreground, 435
      chain leading to your window, 480-482
      checking for security breaches, 974
      cleaning up unkillable, 479
      closing a window by killing its processes, 484-487
            shell script, using, 486
            web browser (example), 485
            xterm window (example), 484
      commands printed in parentheses by ps, 462
      controlling process, 454
      controlling terminal, 459
      creating new with fork and exec calls, 452
      defined, 437
      destroying with kill command, 470
      disowning, 446
      exit status of, 715
      exit status returned by, 455
      foreground
            (see foreground processes)
      interactively killing those matching a pattern, 476
      killing all, 473
      killing by name, 474
      killing interactively
            zap script, using, 477
      listing with ps command, 14, 456
      managing, overview of, 453-455
      open files for reading from/writing to, 754
      parent-child relationships, 705
      priority, lowering with nice command, 506-510
      /proc filesystem, 463-468
            hardware information, 466
            statistics by PID, 465
      queue by priority, 441
      restarting daemon shell script with kill command, 471-473
      scheduling, 488
            at command, running once with, 489
            regular, periodic execution with cron, 488
      signals and, 468-470
            actions in response to signals, 469
            kill-9 command, sending KILL and STOP signals, 469
      spawning, 452
      stopped vs. terminated, 439
      stopping, 478
      terminal windows without shells, 482
      timing, 500-502
      tracking down with ps command, 460-462
            -a option, on BSD systems, 461
            -a option, on System V, 460
            -ax option on BSD, 462
            -e option, on System V, 462
            runaway processes, 462
      Unix handling of, 437
      unrelated, communicating through FIFOs, 897
.profile file, 45
      bash shell, 47
      Bourne shells
            testing TERM variable with case statement, 56
      CDPATH variable in, 623
      hung terminal and, 101
      Korn shells, 47
      login shells, 48
      stty commands in, 105
      terminal type, setting with qterm, 97
profiler (GNU gprof), 501
programming
      Unix (see also shell scripts)
programming languages
      Emacs as IDE for, 356
      functions in, 872
      loosely typed, 845
      Tcl, 567
programming, shell (see shell scripts)
programming, Unix, 5
programs
      aborting, 103
      bin directory for, 149
      environment, modifying, 737
      file deletion, 265
      filename wildcards, passing to without shell interpretation, 661
      filters, 9
      links to, 748
      names of
            giving multiple names with links, 737
            in error messages, 736
      periodic execution with cron, 489-495
            crontab entries, adding, 494
            shortcuts to creating, 492-494
            standard input, including in cron entry, 495
      redirecting input and output of, 753
      shells running, 515
      timing, 503
      Unix, 6-9
            as tools, 8
            (see also shells)
      waiting for input, 102
prompt shell variable, 49, 70
      if (! $?prompt) exit test, 53
      setting to see aliases hidden in the ($?prompt) test, 53
PROMPT_COMMAND (bash shell variable), 88
promptpid variable, 87
prompts, 70-89, 515
      $ (dollar sign), in Bourne shell prompts, 516
      blank, 83
      Bourne-type shells, primary, 706
      characters displayed in different sehlls, 11
      C-shell, stray prompt problems, 73
      current directory in, using dirs command output, 84
      dynamic, 71
            simulating, 72
      external commands sending signals to set variables, 86
      faster setting with built-ins, 74
      highlighting and color in, 79
      history number in, 594, 598
      menu prompt for naive users, 79
      modified, script program and, 783
      multiline, 76
      preprompt commands, setting, 88
      preprompt, preexecution and periodic commands, 87
      PS1, PS2 variables, 706
      right-side, 81
      secondary
            > as, 556
            ? as, 555
            Bourne shell quoting and, 530
            multiline commands and, 559
      session info in window title or status line, 77
      static, 70
      subshell level, showing, 82
      typing commands at, 454
propagating shell functions, 586-591
      exporting bash functions, 586
      FPATH search path, 587-591
            Korn shell, 588
            zsh shell, 590
protocols
      curl application, support of, 836
      URI types, 832
      wget utility, support of, 834
      (see also individual protocol names)
-prune operator (file command)
      quick finds in current directory, 199
-prune operator (find command), 198
-prune operator (find command), 272
      preventing networked filesystem searches, 200
ps command, 456, 460-462
      -a (all) option
            BSD-derived systems, 461
            System V, 460
      -ag options, displaying all processes on system, 477
      AIX version of, 459
      aux options (Berkeley style), 457
      aux options (Berkeley-style), 15
      aux or -ef options, listing chain of processes, 481
      -ax option, 462
      checking current processes for security breaches, 974
      checking for application running on remote display, 143
      commands printed in parentheses, 462
      displaying programs, 103
      -e (everything) option, 462
      -ef options (System V), 458
      -el options, 15
      grep, using with, 249
      listing of command output fields, 457
      in pipes, 459
      runaway shell script, locating, 475
      showing all jobs with -x or -e options, 446
      x option, 14
      zombies, listing, 470
PS1 environment variable, 70, 706
PS2 environment variable, 707
pseudo-terminal, 459
pstat utility, 975
psychotherapist program, Emacs, 366
ptbk script (for incremental backups), 799
pty, 459
public directive (smb.conf), 953
public key cryptography
      authentication, not working on SSH, 1018
      installing key file on remote host, 1017
      passphrase, problems with, 1018
      SSL, use of, 943
public-domain version of Korn shell (see pdksh)
punctuation in filenames, 16
push operator (Perl), 849
pushd command, 77, 84, 85, 624-626
      aliases for, 626
pushing or pulling information, 488
put command
      copying files to remote host from Unix, 959
      restoring text with vi editor, 313
pwd command, 211, 621
PWD environment variable, 706
      storing in prompt to give current directory, 72
      unsetting before using Emacs, 363
Python, 869-881
      installation, 869
            Disutils program and, 870
            modules, checking for, 870
      overview of language, 871-875
            functions, 872
            GUIs, 875
            indentation, 871
            I/O and formatting, 875
            modules and packages, 874
            objects, 873
      Perl vs., 880
      portability of, 869
      web, interacting with, 876
            cgi module, 878
            htmllib and HTMLParser modules, 878
            mod_python module, 879
            urllib module, 876
            urllib2 module, 877

Q[ Top ]
:q (quote) string modifier (C shell), 197
:q (string editing) operator, 548
qmail program, 945
qterm program, 55, 97
      +usrtab option, 98
.qtermtab file, 98
      editing, 99
-query option (xrdb), 137
querying terminal type (qterm), 97
queues
      printing jobs, 915, 918
      processes by priority, 441
quieting at jobs, 496
quit command
      ex, 371
      sed, 696
quit key, 105
QUIT signal, 468, 469
      ignoring in System V with nohup command, 445
      killing processes waiting for NFS resources, 471
quota command, 291
quota systems for disk usage, 290
quote command, 580
quoting
      aliases, 572-574
            C shell, 580
            fixing in csh with makealias and quote, 580
      in Bourne shell, 526-531
            multiline, 530-531
            rules for, 527-529
            special characters, 527
      in C shell, 531-534, 779
            rules for, 532-533
            special characters, 531, 533
      in case statement wildcard pattern matching, 714
      command-line arguments, 734
            errors caused by, 779
      control characters in Emacs, 364
      filename arguments containing wildcards, 801
      hereis document terminators, 761
      preventing wildcard expansion with, 660
      quote characters from Windows, formatting for Unix, 120
      regular expression special characters to prevent shell expansion of, 634
      regular expressions used with grep or egrep, 654
      in shells
            \ (backslashes), 540
            here documents, 534
            showing with verbose and echo settings, 533
            special characters and their meanings, 536-539
      showing results with showargs, 518
      special characters in key bindings, 612
QWERTY keyboards, 125, 126
qx( ) function, 856

R[ Top ]
rand command (awk), 387
random numbers in nawk (srand), 387
ranges
      .. (integer-range) operator in zsh, 546
      character ranges (hyphen-separated), 404
      character ranges in regular expressions, 405, 640
      expanding, 196
      Perl regular expression syntax for, 641
rc shell, 10
rcp command, 30
      -r option, 214
RCS (Revision Control System), 815-818
      archiving files, 814
      ci (checkin) command, 815
      co (checkout command)
            -p option, sending file to standard output, 816
      comparing directory with subdirectory, using pr, 412
      Emacs support for, 356
      file utility, recognizing archives with, 240
      listing revision numbers with rcsrevs script, 817
      merging two or more file versions with rcsmerge and co -j, 817
      searching files with rcsgrep commands, 252-254
      unlocking files, 816
rcsdiff command, 221, 818
rcsegrep.fast script, 253
rcsgrep command, 248, 252-254
      -a option, 817
rcsgrep script, 253
RD (Receive Data) light, 102
rdesktop (RDP client for Unix), 965
read command, 557
      ex editor, 371
      reading from the keyboard, 723
      while loops using, 750
read permission
      changing with chmod, 1000
      for directories, 149, 995
      execute permission without, 1004
      finding files by, 185
      shell scripts, 1009
reading files, access time and, 155
reading from terminals
      process groups and, 453
reading-tar process, 216
readline command, 105
Readline library
      inputrc file, 614
      setup filename, choosing, 707
read-only files, 1002
read-only functions, 585
recomment script, 394
recovering files
      cpio tape archive, 805
      Emacs, using, 358
      vi -r command, 324
            recovered buffers, cautions about, 325
recursion, tracing depth of, 584
recursive aliases, 578
recursive functions, 583-585
recursive permission changing, 1001
recursive searching with grep, 182
Red Hat Linux (see Linux)
redirect operator (>>), 317
redirecting input and output, 885-899
      C shell, 891
      cat command, 888
      commands combined with grouping (( )) operator, 893
      cron system output, 489
      to /dev/null, 898
      FIFOs, using, 897
      line numbers in redirected loops, 776
      to multiple processes, 895
      noclobber, using, 892
      openstandard I/O files without, 754
      pagers, piping to, 889-891
      of programs, 753
      shell capabilities, 755
      shell output and errors into temporary file, 776
      standard error (only), piping, 888
      standard input and standard output, using, 885-888
      standard output and standard error, 756-759
            Bourne shells, 526
      standard output, shell processing of, 517
      tee program, 894
redo operator (Perl), 854
references (Perl), 844, 851
      dereferencing, 852
reformatting text from one window before pasting it into another, 120
registry settings for clear text SMB passwords, 955
regular expressions, 248, 633-656
      agrep command, 251, 252
      awk utility, 380
      egrep command, 194, 250
      examples of, 650
      expr command
            matching parts of strings, 765
            testing character strings, 764
      expressions, understanding, 635
      extended, 645
            alternation mechanism, 645
      filename-matching patterns vs., 634
      finding lines that don't match a pattern, 249
      globally substituting for each match, 385
      interpreting, 636
      limiting extent of match, 649
      matching a character with a character set, 639
      matching specific number of sets with \{ \}, 642
      matching words with \< \>, 643
      metacharacters, 536, 636, 637
            for different Unix programs, 651
      pattern context, 646
      pattern matching, quick reference, 652-656
            replacement patterns, 653
            search and replace commands, 655
            search patterns, 652, 654
      Perl, 854-856
            metacharacters in, 854
      potential problem areas, 644
      range of characters, specifying with [-], 640
      repeated patterns, matching with \(\), 644
      repeating character sets with *, 641
      retrieving only matched text with xgrep script, 648
      sed editor, 258
            addresses, 672, 673
            delimiting, 675
            searching for patterns split across lines, 690-692
      sequence of characters, describing, 635
      showmatch script, testing with, 648
      simple vs. extended, 637
      substituting for matches in nawk, 388
      tar archive files, matching filenames of, 800
      wildcards vs., 634
      (see also pattern matching)
rehash command, 150, 520
      resetting command search table, 699
relational operators, 762, 846
      if command, awk, 385
relative pathnames, 24, 618
      creating, 619
      current directory and, 620
      links, avoiding invalidation of, 209
      in shell setup files, 51
      symbolic links to, 212
remainder, modulus (%) operator, 762
remote access
      conrolling (see ssh)
      disallowing for security, 980
      rsh (see rsh)
remote clients, starting for X window systems, 140-143
Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP), 963
      client for Unix (rdesktop), 965
remote directories, hung terminals and, 101
remote files
      Emacs, opening with, 357
      shortcut for copying, 546
remote logins
      status line updates, 78
      stopping sessions, 449
remote restoration of backup files, 797
remote shells
      setup files for, 52
      (see also rsh; ssh)
remote tape drive, tar backups to, 797, 798
-remove option (xrdb), 138
removing
      command-line arguments, 726
      software packages, dependency conflicts caused by, 830
removing files, 262-276
      confirmation before deletion, 265
      deleting directories, 272
      deleting files with odd names, 269-276
            eight-bit filenames, 271
            filenames starting with - (dash), 271
            i-numbers, using, 272
      directory sticky bit permission and, 999
      emptying files instead of, 277
      excluding some files from, 275
      find command and, 276
      interactively, with file-deletion script or alias, 266
      rm command
            dangers of, 263
            -f option (no confirmation), 269
            safety techniques for, 265
      safe delete program, 268
      safer file deletion in some directories, 267
      selective deletion of, 266
      stale files, deleting, 274
rename function, 856
renaming files
      directory sticky bit permission and, 999
      groups of, 201, 212
      interactively, 213
      mv command, using, 165
      with nonprinting characters in names, 166
      ownership and, 998
      write access and, 1004
renice command, 443, 507, 510
rep command, vis command vs., 559
repeat command, 554
      . (dot), in vi, 313
      clearing directory stack with popd, 626
repeating commands, 554, 593
      at set intervals, 558
      copy and paste, using, 557
      cycle of commands, 604
      with history substitution, 599-604
      with variations, 554-557
            for loop, using, 556
            foreach loop, using, 554
replacement patterns
      sed editor, delimiting, 675
      special characters in, 653
      valid regular expression metacharacters for, 652
replacements, 372
      confirming in vi editor, 315
      global, with vi editor, 315
      patterns, matching for, 319
      sed editor
            newlines in, 676
            referencing portions of search string in, 678
            referencing the search string in, 677
            specifying one match among many possible matches, 679
      (see also substitution commands)
repositories, CVS archives, 818
      modifications, commiting and pushing into, 819
      setting up, 820
reprint character (CTRL-r), 543
requote shell script, 120
      fmt width option, 121
resize command, 59
      -c or -u options to force use of C- or Bourne-shell syntax, 100
      xterm windows, 99
RESOURCE_MANAGER property, 138
resources
      overloaded, 443
      removing definitions, 138
      setting for X Window System, 128-130, 133-140
            appres (application resource) utility, 139
            event translations, overview, 130-133
            -name, effect on resources, 135
            querying resource database, 137
            resource database manager, 129
            resources file (example), 134
            xrdb utility, using, 136-139
            -xrm command-line option, 135
      setting for X Window system
            resource database manager, 133
restart command (lpc), 918
restoring files
      RCS, using, 816
      from remote tape drives, 797
      from tape with tar, 795
      (see also backups; tar utility)
restricted command access (rsh) shell, 513
restricted shell, 142
RETURN characters (in .exrc file for vi editor), 335
return command
      awk utility, 387
      shell function, use in, 583
reverse order, command history listed in, 598
reversing patch, 378
reversing sort order, 428
revision control programs
      file versions and, 17
revision control (see CVS; RCS)
Revision Control System (see RCS)
revnum shell variable, 817
rftp script, 570
.rhosts file, 122, 142, 797
Rich Site Summary files, collecting, 488
right-side prompts, 81
rlogin utility, 141
      disabling for security reasons, 980
      enabling on Mac OS X, 1011
      logging in to host again from same terminal, 50
      network ports for, 57
      stalled connection with, 103
rm command, 263
      excluding files from deletion, 275
      -f option, 269, 722, 1002
      filenames beginning with - (dash), 271
      filenames beginning with . (dot), 273
      -i option, 271
            confirmation of deletions, 265
            creating -i file for, 267
      linked files, deleting, 206
      links, removing, 209
      -r option, 273
      -rf option, 272
      safety techniques for, 265
rmdir (remove directory) command, 272
rmstar variable (tcsh shell), 265
root access
      enabling in Darwin, 992
      logins, 79
      logins, external, 990
      password, forgetting, 984
      providing with sudo application, 991
root directory, 23
      subdirectories located directly off, 822
root of a filename (:r string editing operator), 547
root servers (DNS), 946
rot program, 419
route command, 940
routers
      DSL, firewalls, 950
      functioning as gateways, 948
routing
      diagnosing routes with traceroute, 942
      packets, preventing with firewalls, 949
routing tables, displaying with netstart -r, 940
RPM, finding and installing packaged software, 838
rprnt key, 105
rsh, 29, 513
      disabling for security reasons, 980
      -display option, 143
      enabling on Mac OS X, 1011
      -n option, 143
      remote tape drive, accessing with GNU tar, 798
      restoring files from remote tape drives, 797
      rsync program, 374
      running reading- or writing-tar on remote system, 217
      starting remote X clients, 142
      stopping sessions, 449
rsync command, 374, 489
runaway processes, 462
      killing by name, 474
run-parts script, 493
runsed script, 671
rusers command, 733
rxvt terminal program, 106
      fonts and command-line options, 116
      login shell, running, 107

S[ Top ]
\s (matching whitespace characters) in Perl regular expressions, 855
"safe delete" program, 268
safer rm command, techniques for, 265
Samba
      connecting to SMB shares from Unix, 959
      installing and configuring, 951
            configuration script for daemons (smb.conf), 952
            NETBIOS names (SMB peer names), 954
            running SMB daemons, 954
      mounting SMB-shared filesystems, 909
      printing over, 923
            from Windows to Unix printers, 924
            to Windows printer from Unix, 924
      project web site, 952
      security, 955
            security settings in smb.conf, 955
      swat tool, 956
sash shell, 513
save lines (-sl option) for xterms, 109
SAVEHIST environment variable, 606
savehist shell variable, 606
saveLines (xterm resource), 109
saving command lines to file, 12
-sb option (scrollbar) for xterms, 108
/sbin directory, 823
scalar variables in Perl, 844, 845-848
      Boolean operators used with, 847
      comparing with relational operators, 846
      numerical operators used with, 846
      string operators used with, 846
sched command, 81
scheduler program, 500
      process priority, lowering with nice, 506
scheduling processes, 488
      at command, running once with, 489
      regular, periodic execution with cron, 488
scientific notation, 427
scp command, 30, 944
      copying archives, 799
      problems and solutions on SSH, 1013, 1025
screen editors, 93
screens, 710
      clearing, 89
script program, 75, 782
      cleaning files, 783
      ending, 782
scripting languages, 27
      Perl (see Perl)
      Python (see Python)
      shell scripts vs., 700
scripts
      #! notation on first line, 516
            turning on verbose and echo settings, 534
      batch editing, 367-389
            writing, 368
      bin directory for, 149
      buildhash, 302
      CGI, Python module for, 878
      cgrep, 255, 690-692
      checksed, 671
      cleanup, 276
      converting characters in files, 12
      count.it, 304
      dialback, 568
      editing, 390-420
            behead script, removing mail/news headers, 395
            centering lines, 397
            columns, making automatically with column, 413
            cutting columns or fields, 410
            encoding binary files into ASCII, 406-410
            fmt.sh, 392
            indenting text with offset script, 396
            joining lines with join, 417
            pasting data into columns, 416
            rotating text with rot, 419
            splitting files by context, 401-404
            straightening, 415
            text conversion with dd, 410
            text in columns with pr, 411-413
            translating characters with tr, 404-406
            uniq command, 418
      Expect program, 570
      file permissions, changing, 1002
            cx and cw scripts, 1003
      file-deletion, 266
      file-time comparisons in, 156
      hgrep, 260
      lensort, 429
      lookfor shell script, 193
      munchlist, 302
      namesort, 430
      ndown and nup, 564
      nom, 666
      opttest, 731
      paircheck, 305
      pausing, 489
      Perl (see Perl)
      ptbk, 799
      rcsegrep.fast, 253
      rcsrevs, 817
      running without the shell, 743
      run-parts, 493
      runsed, 671
      sed editor
            hold space, using, 681-683
            order of commands, 674
      shell script wrappers for, 724
      shell (see shell scripts)
      shells reading from standard input, 759
      showargs, 518
      showmatch, 648
      smbprint, 924
      sourceable, 576-578
      SUID and SGID, 989
      unconnected symbolic links, finding, 169
      updatedb or locate.updatedb shell script, 190
      vgrep, 665
      writeway.pl, 842
      writing in other scripting languages, 700
      ww.sh, 305
      xgrep, 648
      xwrist, 771
script.tidy script, 783
SCROLL LOCK button, 102
scrollbars (xterm), 108, 109
scrolling error messages, 890
scrolling in tty-type virtual consoles, 448
SD (Send Data) light, 102
sdiff command, 224
      building one file from two compared files, 225
      -w option, 225
search access to directories, 149, 997
search and replace
      regular expressions used in sed or ex, 655
      undoing in vi editor, 315
      (see also replacement patterns; search patterns)
search operators with find command, 176-178
search path, 13, 516, 699
      configuring in shell setup files, 49
      in .cshrc.$HOST file, 60
      FPATH (for functions), 587-591
            Korn shell, 588
            zsh shell, 590
      PATH environment variable, 705
      setting for shells, 518-520
      updating with rehash, 150
search patterns
      csplit program, 402-404
      for ed, ex, and sed, regular expression metacharacters in, 652
      global commands with, 318-320
      regular expressions in (examples), 654
      sed editor
            delimiting, 675
            split across lines, 690-692
      vi editor, 314
            compund searches, 327
            global searches, 315
search permission, 995
      (see also execute permission)
search strings in sed, referencing portions of in replacement, 678
search wraps, stopping in vi, 320
search.el file, 362
searching
      for doubled word typing errors, 305
      in Emacs, 362
            PWD variable and, 363
      grep commands, using, 247-261
      look program, using, 259
      manual pages, 34
secondary prompts
      > (greater than sign) as, 556
      ? (question mark) as, 555
      Bourne shell quoting and, 530
      multiline commands and, 559
sections in documentation, 32
secure keyboard mode (xterm), 114
Secure Shell (SSH) (see ssh)
Secure Sockets Layer (see SSL)
security, 969-981
      bin directory, preventing unauthorized file operations, 150
      buffer overflow, 972
      CERT checklists, 970
      disallowing rlogin and rsh, 980
      files, 994
            making them unwritable, 1002
            managing permissions, 1006
            modifying files without write access, 1003
            sticky bit permission, 999
            (see also permissions)
      host listings in .rhosts file or /etc/hosts.equiv file, 142
      inetd daemon, disabling, 979
      intruder detection, 977
      keeping up with security alerts, 971
      Linux /proc filesystem, viewing current state of system, 979
      login program, checks performed by, 43
      MOTD, importance of, 978
      NFS and, 909
      performance problems, checking, 974-977
            I/O statistics, 977
            network connections, 976
            processes, 974
            swap space, 975
            virtual memory statistics, 977
      Samba, 955
            security settings in smb.conf, 955
      TCP wrapper programs, checking logs, 980
      vulnerabilities, 969
      xterm, 114
sed editor, 56, 367, 668-697
      addressing, 672-674
      command line, 669
      commands, operations of (deliberate scrivener analogy), 688-690
      dedent script, 121
      delete commands, 672, 692
      delimiting regular expressions, 675
      -e option, 670
      edit non-matching lines, 693
      extra blank lines, squashing, 242
      -f option, 670, 744
      files, not changing by editing, 669
      fmt.sh script, 392
      general-purpose batch editing, 373
      global commands, 669
      grep program, multiline context, 255
      grep programs, 248
      hold (h or H) commands, 681
      hold space, 680, 680-683
      line-by-line and search using, 256
      line-numbering with, 246
      lq command, 169
      makealias and quote aliases, 581
      mkdir command, inserting into find command output, 187
      multiple matches on a line, 679
      -n option, 670, 689, 768
      newlines in a replacement, 676
      newlines quoting and backslashes, shell interpretation of, 697
      order of commands in a script, 674
      parsing strings, 767
      pattern space, 680
            making edits across line boundaries, 685-688
      print (p) command, 689
      quit (q) command, 696
      referencing portions of a search string, 678
      referencing the search string in a replacement, 677
      regular expressions used in
            documentation for, 653
            metacharacters, 652
            search and replace commands, 655
      searching for patterns split across lines, 690-692
      substitute command, 783
      test (t) command, 695
      testing and using a script, 670
            checksed script, 671
            runsed script, 671
      transformation on text, 680
      using from command line, 559
      wrapping sed scripts in shell scripts, 725
      writing scripts, 675
      x (exchange) command, 681
      y (transform) command, 683-685
SEGV (segmentation violation) signal, 468
selecting text in xterms, 109
      word selection, changing word definition for, 110
      xclipboard, problems with large selections, 119
selection of fonts, enabling for xterm, 116
send command, 568
sendmail program, 409, 945
Server Message Block File System (SMBFS), 908
server number (X Window System), 710
servers
      access control, 141
      anonymous FTP, 944
      Apache, running Python in, 876, 879
      DHCP, 948
      DNS, 946
      IMAP, 945
      NAT (Network Address Translation), 948
      POP, 945
      SSH
            empty passwords, problems with, 1015
      SSH, problems with, 1021-1029
      VNC (Virtual Network Computing), 959
services
      /etc/services file, 938
      inetd file, managing Internet services, 942
      SMB, verifying, 954
Session Message Block (SMB) protocol, 951
sessions, information about in window title or status line, 77
set command, 733
      +H option, disabling history substitution in bash, 616
      listing shell variables, 712
      listing shell variables and functions, 704
      lockfiles, creating, 773
      multiple variables in for loop, 751
      with no arguments, 734
      opttest script (example), 731
      parsing single-line strings with, 766
      window size, 59
      -x option, turning on echo flag, 534
      -xv option, 775
      -xv option
            hung terminals and, 101
set directory command, 333
set noglob command, 96
set notify command, 436
set path command, 101
setgid bit, group permissions for directory, 985
setprompt alias, 85
setprompt function, 75
setstatline alias, 78
settitle alias, 78
setup files for shells (see configuration files)
setup files (multiple) for vi and ex, 321
SGID bit for directories, 149
SGID scripts, 989
SGML, 929
sh (Bourne shell), 9, 10, 453, 513
      #!, seraching the PATH with, 744
      aliases, 571, 574
      arrays, 195
      at command output, quieting, 496
      background processing, 438, 440
      -c option, 483
      case statements, 54
            port name, testing, 57
            testing TERM variable, 56
      date formats, 86
      debugging scripts, 775-784
      for loop, 556
      hangups in, 445
      loading changed PATH, 519
      logouts
            accidental, 90
            running commands at, 90
      multiline commands, 559
      piping output of shell loops to pagers, 35
      .profile file, 45
      prompts, 71
            primary prompt, 706
      quoting in, 212, 526-531
            multiline, 530-531
            rules for, 527-529
            showing with verbose and echo settings, 534
            special characters, 527
      reading arguments, 526
      reading .profile file, 101
      redirecting standard I/O
            standard error, 889
      redirecting standard I/O (see redirecting input and output)
      repeating commands, 554
      safe delete program, 268
      script file extension, 18
      scripts, writing, 698-740, 741-774
            (see also shell scripts)
      simulated shell functions and aliases, 591
      special characters/operators in, 536-539
      string editing operators, 748
      su stucklogin command, 100
      TERM variable, setting with tset command, 96
      trap command, 86, 469
      wildcards, failing to match, 662
sh command, 103
      starting Bourne shell with, 516
      -v option, 213
      -xv options, 775
.sh filename extension, 18
sharing
      desktops with VNC, 959-962
      directories and printers with Windows network (see Samba)
sharing directories and printers with Windows network
      printing over Samba, 923
shebang line in scripts, #! characters, 843
SHELL environment variable, 706
      resize command and, 100
shell escapes, 326
      starting a subshell, 456
shell functions, 13, 523, 581-592
      c, changing directories with, 627
      C shell, determining whether to use, 524
      custom commands in, 571
      functions calling functions, 583-585
      listing, 704
      loops in, 581
      ls with options, 581
      propagating, 586-591
            exporting bash functions, 586
            FPATH search path, 587-591
      putting arguments inside a Bourne-type alias, 575
      simulating with . (dot) command, 737
      specific shells, information on, 585
      using in shell scripts, 738-740
      work, setting current shell environment, 582
      ww function, finding doubled words, 305
shell metacharacters (see wildcards)
shell parameters, with simulated functions, 592
shell prompts (see prompts)
shell scripts, 11, 455, 698-740, 741-774
      :, #, and #!, 742
      : (Bourne shell) operator, 746
      #!, searching the PATH with, 744
      arguments passed to, 12
      basename and dirname, using, 751
      bin directory for, 149
      bkedit, 717
      case statements, 713-715
            pattern matching in, 714
            testing string values with, 713
      closing window from, 486
      command lines as scripts, 698
      command-line arguments, handling, 725-729
      commenting, 743
      commenting RCS files, 815
      conditional expressions in if statements, 716-718
      dater, 898
      debugging, 775-784
      environment variables, 702-711
      exec command, 745
      exit status of Unix processes, 715-720
            loops, testing with, 719
            testing with if statement, 716-718
      exit status, setting, 720
      exits caused by interrupts, trapping, 721
      expr command, 762-764
      finding last command-line argument, 749
      for loop with multiple variables, 750
      with GNU tar, archiving deleted files on tape, 274
      hardcoding users' home directory pathnames, 629
      interactive use vs, 515
      last-access times, 156
      limitations of, 577
      lockfiles, creating from, 772-774
      lookfor, 193
      making executable, 1003
      multiple names for, 748
      naming, 736
      nested command substitution, 768
      for noninteractive shells, 49
      parameter substitution, 747
      parent-child relationships, 705
      Perl, using (see Perl)
      permissions, 699, 1009
      reading from standard input, 760
      regular expressions metacharacters in, 536
      requote, 120
      runaway, killing by name, 474
      running, 743
      running as a daemon, 472
      scripts without the shell, 743
      scripts written in other scripting languages vs, 700
      shell functions, using in, 738-740
      shell functions vs., 582
      shell reading script from standard input, 759
      shell variables, 711-713
      showenv, 465
      simple, examples of, 698
      sourceable, 576-578
      sourcing, 577, 737
      standard input to a for loop, 750
      strings, working with, 764-768
      stripper, 290
      submitting for execution at a later time, 495
      testing character strings with expr, 764
      testing for success, 718
      testing two strings with a case statement, 770
      turning off echo, 761
      variables set by, 777
      while loop with several loop control commands, 753
      wrappers for awk, sed and other scripts, 724
      writing simple, 698
      zap, 477
shell variables, 711-713
      $ (dollar sign), preceding name with, 713
      cdable_vars, 630
      cdpath, 622
      in .cshrc.$HOST file, 61
      current directory, storing in, 630
      environment variables vs., 703, 711
      eval command and, 521
      histchars, 615
      history, 712
      IFS (internal field separator), 766
      iterating over arguments, 779
      listing with set command, 704, 712
      multiline quoting in Bourne shell and, 530
      names, 711
      noclobber, 892
      path, 709
      printexitvalue, 716
      printing value of individual with echo, 713
      read-only, 712
      revnum, 817
      savehist (C shell), 606
      set by shell scripts, debugging, 777
      setting, 711
      setting with combined use of sed and eval, 768
      storing control characters in, 783
shell wrappers
      invoking sed scripts from, 670
      sed script embedded in, 691
shells, 7
      aliases, 571-581
      archives, filename extension, 18
      arrays, 194-197
            expanding ranges, 196
      built-in commands, 8, 13
      command argument lists, providing, 173
      command-line editing, 594, 609-615
            calculating prompt string width, 80
      commands for working with functions, 585
      as controlling process, 454
      curly braces ({ }) in, 20, 661
      debugging (see debugging)
      defined, 515
      determining which is running, 11
      disowning jobs, 446
      Emacs, running in, 353, 355
      exiting to close a window, 482
      filename-matching patterns, 634
      history mechanism (see history of commands)
      interactive, 48
      interpretation of commands (see commands)
      interpreting the command line, 7
      job control (see job control)
      kill command, built-in, 479
      killing, 471
      limiting file sizes, 280
      metacharacters in, 536
      passing command history to, 608
      priority, setting with nice, 507
      as processes, 453
      programming, 11
            (see also shell scripts)
      pushd and popd commands, 624-626
      quoting in (see quoting)
      reading scripts from standard input, 759, 760
      redirecting standard I/O (see redirecting input and output)
      relationship with kernel, utilities, and applications, 8
      remote login sessions, stopping, 449
      remote, running, 142
      replacing one with another, using exec, 745
      replacing with exec command, 452
      running scripts without, 743
      setting up, 43-69
            account setup, changing, 50
            contents of setup files, 49
            .cshrc.$HOST file for per host setup, 60
            interactive shells, 49
            login shells, 48, 61
            logins, 43
            Mac OS X Terminal application, 44
            reading setup files at different times, 51
            setup files, understanding, 44-47
            terminals, automatic setups for, 54-60
      setup files, 13
            PATH environemt variable, 705
      special characters and their meanings, 536-539
      specialized, based on languages such as Python, TCL, Perl, 513
      stopping jobs on, 443
      subshells, 455
      suspending with suspend command, 436
      terminal windows without, 482
      types of, 9, 515
      understanding # as comment, 744
      Unix programs working independently of, 9
      -v (verbose) option, 760
      wildcards, 657-667
            handling of, 660-662
            matching with fast find commands, 189
            (see also wildcards)
      without job control, using 0 (zero) PID to kill all processes, 474
      X window, using from, 480-482
shift command, 195
      removing command-line arguments, 726
      unsetting command-line parameters, 749
      in while loops, 728, 729
shift operator (Perl), 844, 849
.sh_logout file, 91
SHLVL variable, 48
shorthand substitution command (^xy^yx), 602
.shosts file, 143
showargs script, 518
showenv shell script, 465
showmatch script, 648
shutdown program, 16
side-by-side file comparisons (sdiff command), 224
Sierra, Mike, 77
signals, 468-470
      common, listing of, 468
      distribution of, using process groups, 453
      handling, 469
      kill command, using with, 470
            killing all processes, 473
            killing processes by name, 474
            killing processes interactively, 476
            restarting daemon shell script, 471-473
            STOP signal, 478
            unkillable processes, 479
      numbers, variations among systems, 468
      for trap commands, 721, 722
simulating dynamic prompts, 72
sin command (awk), 387
single quotes (see ', under Symbols)
single user mode, 984
site-packages directory, 870
size
      finding files by, 168
      fonts, 112, 116
      limits for files, 784
      xterm windows, 99
-size operator (find command), 185
-sl option (save lines) for xterms, 109
sl script, 212
sleep command, 489
      endless while loop, using in, 771
      forcing shell to wait before exiting, 90
      in strings of commands separated by semicolons (;), 564
      uses of, 498
sleeping, 15
slocate command, 187, 190
SMB (Session Message Block) protocol, 951
smbclient program, 954, 959
      connecting to SMB printer, 958
smb.conf files, 952
      default printer, sharing with SMB network, 958
      defaults, leaving in place, 953
      security directive, 955
      sharing local directory with SMB network, 953
smbd daemon, 952
SMBFS (Servr Message Block File System), 908
smbfs tool, 909
smbmnt command, 952
smbpasswd utility, 956
smbprint script, 924
SMTP (Simple Message Transfer Protocol), 944
sockets
      displaying active with netstart, 940
      returning activity on with netstat, 976
      Secure Sockets Layer (see SSL)
soft disk quota limits, 290
soft links (see symbolic links)
soft mounting of NFS, 101
software installation, 822-838
      challenges of, 824
      curl application, using, 836
      Debian apt-get tool, using, 832-834
            configuring sources.list file, 832
      Debian dselect tool, using, 825-832
            access method, choosing, 826-828
            choosing packages for installation or removal, 828-830
            configuring packages, 831
            exiting, 832
            exiting select function, 830
            installing packages, 831
            removing packages, 831
            updating information on available packages, 828
      FreeBSD packages, using, 837
      FreeBSD Ports, using, 837
      GNU wget utility, using, 834-836
      make utility, versions of, 824
      RPM, using, 838
      simplifying the make process, 824
      /usr/bin and other directories for, 822
software robots, 488
Solaris
      adding users to system, 984
      disk device naming scheme, 904
      OpenSSH, 1012
      serial consoles, 913
      single user mode, entering, 985
      vold daemon for removable media, 907
sort command
      alphabetic vs. numeric, 426
      -b option (ignoring blanks), 427, 428
      case-insensitive sorts, 428
      -d option (dictionary order), 428
      fields, 422
      -g option, sorting numbers in scientific notation, 427
      -M option (month order), 428
      -r option (reverse order), 428
      -t option, changing sort field delimiter, 424
      -u option, 299
      -u option, eliminating duplicate lines, 427
sorting
      files, 155
      by last name (namesort script), 430
      lines by length (lensort script), 429
      sort command, 422-429
sound cards, 900, 911
source code, locating for programs, 33
source command
      ex editor, 372
      -h (history) option, 609
      reading aliases file into C shell, 46
      scripts, using on, 577
      shell scripts, using on, 737
source filename, 579
sourceable scripts, 576-578
sources.list file, 827
      components, 833
      configuring, 832
      distribution, 833
spawning processes, 452
special characters
      in Bourne shell (sh), 527
      C shell, 531
      C shell filenames, quotiing in, 533
      in filenames, 17, 166
            deleting files, 269-272
      in shell prompts, 71, 74
      in shells and regular expressions, 634
      in shells, listing with definitions, 536-539
spell checking, 295-302
      aspell utility, 297
      ispell program, 296
            -a option, 298, 302
            adding words to dictionary, 301
            -d option, providing master spelling list, 302
      look command, 259, 299
      sed editor, corrector program, 695
      spell command, 295, 298, 299-301
            -b option (British usage), 300
            dictionary files for special words and terms, 295
            spellhist file, 301
            spellprog program, 300
            stop list for typical misspellings, 300
            -v option, 300
            -x option, 300
split command
      awk, 387
      loops using, 752
      variants of, 399
split function, 383
splitting strings
      IFS, places in which it can't be used, 767
      into fields, 766
SPOOL (Simultaneous Printing Off and On Line), 914
spooling system for printing, 914
      converting source files within, 932
      lpd daemon, 923
      lpr-style commands, 915
      symbolic links, 919
spreadsheet modes in Emacs, 357
sprintf command (awk), 387
sqrt command (awk), 387
srand command (nawk), 387
ssh, 29, 1011-1029
      -agent option, copying archives without password, 799
      backups to remote tape drive, 797
            accessing with GNU tar, 798
      differences from rsh, 143
      enabling on Mac OS X, 1011
      interactive login, 141
      -keygen option, 943
      OpenSSH, 1012
      port numbers for, 57
      problems and solutions, 1013-1029
            general and authentication, 1013-1019
            key and agent problems, 1019-1021
            server and client problems, 1021-1029
      protecting access through, 1011
      rsync program, 374
      running reading- or writing-tar on remote system, 217
      scp file copy mechanism, 944
      stalled data connection with, 103
      starting remote X clients, 142
      suspending jobs, 449
sshd daemon, 943
      mail checking, disabling, 1013
      .pam file, 1015
      printing, disabling for, 1013
      problems with, 1021
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer), 943
      Python support for, 876
stacks
      directory, 624-626
      function parameter buffers, overflowing, 972
stale files, deleting, 274
stale symbolic links, 209
stalled data connections, 102
standard error, 754, 885
      combining with stdout and piping to pagers, 891
      grep command output, 890
      for interactive and noninteractive shells, 49
      redirecting, 756-759
            ( ) subshell operators, using, 893
            Bourne and C shells, 887
            Bourne-type shells, 526
            in C shell, 891
            to a pipe, 888
      shell debugging output, piping to pager, 775
      sys.stderr file object (Python), 875
      writing debugging messages to, 584
      writing to via /dev/stderr, 888
standard input, 9, 754
      compressing/uncompressing files from, 283
      to a for loop, 750
      including directly on cron command line, 495
      reading scripts from, 760
      redirecting, 885-888
            ( ) subshell operators, using, 893
            tee program, using, 894
      shell handling of, 517
      shells reading scripts from, 759, 760
      sys.stdin file object (Python), 875
standard output, 9, 754
      combining with stderr and piping to pagers, 891
      compressing/uncompressing files from, 283
      for interactive and noninteractive shells, 49
      normal and debugging, splitting into two files, 776
      printing terminal type output for tset command, 96
      RCS file, sending to, 816
      redirected to a file, 755
      redirecting, 756-759, 885-888
            ( ) subshell operators, using, 893
            Bourne-type shells, 526
            in C shell, 891
            piping to pager program, 890
            to /dev/null file, 899
            to multiple processes, 895
      shell debugging, piping to pager, 775
      shell handling of, 517
      sys.stdout file object (Python), 875
starting anchor (^) in regular expressions, 638
startup command for vi and ex editors, 312
startup files for shells, changing path in, 519
statements in Python lambdas, 873
static IP addresses, 937
static prompts, 70
statistics
      current process, 464
      kernel and system (/proc/stat file), 464
      processes by PID, 465
status
      command execution, in nawk, 388
      exit status of Unix processes, 715
      returning to calling shell, 583
status command (lpc), 918
status file, information on current process, 466
status lines, session info in, 77
stderr (see standard error)
stdin (see standard input)
stdout (see standard output)
stem-derivative rules for spelling words, 300
sticky bit, 999
stop command, 436, 443
stop list, spelling, 300
STOP signal, 468
      stopping out of control processes, 478
stopped jobs
      continuing in background, 436
      current job and, 442
      listing with their job numbers, 436
      putting into foreground, 436
      termination vs., 439
stopping
      jobs, 443
      remote login sessions, 449
stream editor (see sed editor)
string concatenation (.) operator, 846
string operators, 74
strings, 635
      building with { }, 545-547
      comparing for pattern matching, 635
      editing with : (colon) operators, 547-549
      grabbing parts of, 764-768
            echo, using with awk or cut, 765
            matching with expr, 765
            parsing using sed editor, 767
            parsing with set and IFS, 766
      matching a regular expression, finding with grep, 248
      Perl, 845
            operators for, 846
      Python, 875
      substr command, awk, 388
      testing, 735
            case statement, using, 770
            characters with expr, 764
            errors in syntax, 778
            for zero length, 739
strings utility, 239, 259
strip command, 289
stripper script, 290
stty command, 58
      control keys, setting, 105
      data rate for dialup terminals, 97
      erase, kill, and interrupt characters, 105
      finding out terminal settings with, 104
      -g option
            parsing output using set and IFS, 766
      stty tostop command, 436, 444
su command
      account changes, testing, 51
      starting a subshell, 456
      su -f stucklogin, 100
      su stucklogin, 100
      substituting identify with, 990
sub command (awk), 388
subdirectories
      listing with ls -R, 157
      root, in FHS standard, 822
      searching for in directories with find command, 173
subprocesses, 454
      aliases and, 572
      file descriptors given to, 755
      killing parent processes by name, 475
subroutines
      dot (.) command compared to, 737
      in Perl, 844
            user defined, 845
subshells, 455
      ( ) operators, 45, 893, 895
      CSHRC_READ environment variable, setting for, 53
      environment variables, inheritance of, 46
      levels, showing in prompt, 82
      setting command-line arguments, 734
      startup files, 48
      status line updates, 78
      umask command, running in, 773
substitution commands
      delimiting search pattern from replacement string, 675
      ex editor, 372
      gsub command in nawk, 385
      history substitution, using in, 603
      sed editor
            -g (global) flag, 669
            newlines in a replacement, 676
            referencing portions of a search string in the replacement, 678
            script.tidy using in, 783
            specifying one match among many possibilities, 679
      sub command, nawk, 388
substitutions, confirming in vi editor, 315
substr command (awk), 388
success or failure of commands, indication in exit status, 715
sudo application, 991
SUID scripts, 989
SunOS
      groups, 998
      redirecting standard I/O, 887
superuser
      configuring, paths set by parent process and, 519
      file ownership, changing, 998
      killing others' processes, 471
      private directories, access to, 150
      shell prompt for, 79
      sudo application, 991
      tcsh and zsh shell prompts, 72
      UID and GID of zero, 983
susp key, 105
suspend command, 436, 455
suspending
      background jobs with stop command, 436
      current foreground job with CTRL-z command, 436, 438
swap space, checking for security breaches, 975
swapinfo utility, 976
swat tool, 956
      configuring smb.conf file installation, 952
      printers, selecting for sharing, 958
symbolic links, 205
      copying, 215
      directories, linking, 210
      disk space and, 280
      filenames for, showing, 212
      files as, 164
      finding for every directory owned by a group, 180
      finding unconnected, 169
      finding with find -type command, 184
      hard links vs., 206
      saving disk space wiwth, 279
      spooling, using for, 919
      stale, 208, 209
      syntax of, 206
      to /dev/null
            replacing log files with, 279
      to .enter and .exit files, 631
symbolic mode (chmod), 1000
symbols
      in filenames and pathnames, 725
      for keys on the keyboard (keysyms), 124
      (see also special characters; Symbols section)
symlinks (see symbolic links)
sync program, 16
synchronizing
      filesystems (rsync program), 374
      time on networks, 781
"Syntax error" error message, 777
syntax-checking program, 306
sys.stderr file object (Python), 875
sys.stdin file object (Python), 875
sys.stdout file object (Python), 875
system
      cron jobs, running on, 489
      environment variables for shells, 45
            C shells, 46
      load, checking with uptime, 506
      overloaded with background processes, 441, 443
      password file contents, 11
      performance and profiling, 500-510
      security vulnerabilities, 969
      statistics on (/proc/stat file), 464
      time, 503
system calls, 7
      exec and fork, 452
      fork and exec, 514
      limit and ulimit (limiting file sizes), 280
      unlink( ), in Perl, 272
system command (nawk), 388
system function, 856
System V
      command version, getting, 32
      <defunct> status, 470
      echo command, shell quoting and, 540
      groups, 987
      groups (Release 4), 998
      ls command, nonprinting characters and, 166
      nice command, 509
      printing commands, 916
      priority system (Release 4), 507
      ps command
            -a option, 460
            -e option, 462
            -ef options, 458
      signals, 468
      systems derived from, rsh on, 143
      tr command
            character ranges in, 405
            -cs options, 307
            piping ww function output to, 305
system variables (awk), 382
system word file, 299
system-level key mappings, 126

T[ Top ]
t (test) command, sed editor, 695
table of contents, tar files, 809, 812
tables
      column -t command, 414
      creating with nroff and sed, 393
tabs
      as argument separators, 527
      filenames ending in, 165
      TAB characters
            added by diff command, 225
            displaying with cat -t and -e options, 238
            stripping in Bourne shell, 535
            window systems running vi, 343
      TAB key, file completion and, 553
tail command, 242-245
      -c option (count characters) or -b option (count blocks), 243
      -f option, 466, 891
            log file, monitoring with, 776
            monitoring file growth, 243
      GNU version
            - -follow option, 245
            - -follow=name and - -retry options, 245
      -l (lines) option, 243
      -n option, 243
      -r (reverse) option, 243
            comparison with rot command, 420
tail of a path name
      dirs output for C shell prompt, 85
      :t operator, 548
talk utility, 30, 37
tape, backups to, 792
      cpio program, 805
      remote tape drives
            using GNU tar, 798
            using tar, 797
      restoring files with tar, 795
            remote restoring, 797
tar utility
      absolute pathnames, avoiding, 803
      backing up to tape, 792
      compression, arguments for and against, 794
      copying directory trees, 216
      disk space optimization and, 284
      encoding tarfiles into 7-bit, 407
      filename extensions, 18
      filename wildcards and, 661
      functions, 809
      GNU tar command
            -c and -T options, 274
            features of, 813
      making backups, 788
      online archives, creating, 808
      remote tape drive, using for backups, 797
      restoring files from tape, 795
            remote restoring, 797
            restoring a few files, 796
      tar command
            -c (create) option, 790
            -C option, 216
            command-line arguments, order of, 804
            extracting all files from archive, 286
            extracting some files from archive, 286
            -f (file) option, 790
            -I option to run bzip2, 285
            -l option (for links), 285
            options, 809-813
            -t option, 796
            -t or -tv options, listing files in archive, 285
            -v (verbose) option, 216, 790
            -z option to run gzip, 285
      unpacking archives, 595, 888
      wildcards, using, 800-803
            with GNU tar, 801-803
Tcl, 567
tclsh shell, 10
TCP, 936
      wrapper programs, 980
tcpd daemon, 980
tcpdump program, 942
TCP/IP
      IP addresses and ports
            addresses, 937
      SMB traffic, mapping onto, 951
      TCP, UDP, and ICMP, 937
tcp_wrappers package, 942
tcsh shell, 10, 453, 513, 515
      { } (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with, 545
      > in the prompt, 11
      aliases, 571
            with command-line arguments, 572-574
      command history, 593
      command-line editing, 611-613
      completion features, 549
            command-specific, 551
      configuration files, 47
      current directory, updating in status line, 77
      cwdcmd alias for status line updates, 79
      exit status of previous command, 715
      highlighting in, 81
      history file, 607
            timestamp-comments in, 608
      history (see history of commands)
      limiting file size, 280
      loginsh variable, 48
      ls -F built-in command, 158, 164
            LS_COLORS environment variable, 159
      pre-prompt commands, 87
      printexitvalue shell variable, 716
      prompt, setting, 71
      quotation marks around filenames, 212
      right-side prompts, 81
      rmstar variable, confirming file deletions, 265
      set echo verbose command, 101
      special characters/operators, 536-539
      stop command, 443
      su -f stucklogin command, 100
      wildcards, 662, 704
      window name, setting and testing, 59
      (see also C shell)
.tcshrc file
      multiline prompt showing directory stack, 84
      set echo verbose command, 101
      shlvl shell variable, 82
.tcshrc files, 47
tee program, 894
      collecting output of several commands into one file, 895
      process substitution, using with, 896
Tek Options menu (xterm), 113
teletype, 7
telnet utility, 29
      enabling on Mac OS X, 1011
      logging in to host again from same terminal, 50
      stalled connection with, 103
      suspending jobs, 449
temporary files
      filenames ending with ~, 629
      handling text with, 563
      history numbers, using to locate and remove, 598
      redirecting output to, 775
      swap space on hard disk, 975
      traps, using to clean up, 721
      unique filename generation for, 170
      vi editor, running out of space for, 332
TERM environment variable, 55, 94, 706
      setting with tset command, 96
      testing with case statement, 713
TERM (terminate) signal, 439, 468, 471
      ignoring with nohup command, 445
      kill command, using with, 470
      killall command, sending with, 476
termcap database, 80, 94
termcap entries, 338
TERMCAP environment variable, 96, 706
      resetting with resize command, 100
terminal driver, eating backslashes before special characters, 540
terminal emulators, 30, 93
      terminal settings and, 106
      (see also xterm)
Terminal program (Mac OS X)
      color capabilities, 79
      command-k to delete scrollback buffer, 89
terminal type
      setting in shell setup files, 49
terminals
      automatic setup
            environment variables, testing, 57
            terminal table, searching, 58
            testing port (tty) numbers, 57
            testing remote hostname and X display, 56
            testing window size, 58
            window name, setting and testing, 59
      automatic setups, 54-60
      capabilities of (see termcap database)
      configuring, 92-123
            erase, kill, and interrupt characters, 104
            finding terminal settings with stty command, 104
            querying terminal type with qterm, 97
            size of xterm windows, 99
            terminal hangs at login, fixing, 100-104
            terminal type, setting, 95
            xterm, 106-123
      controlling terminal, 459
      /dev/tty file, 754
      escape sequences for nonprinting characters, 80
      Gnome, 15
      Linux virtual consoles, 83, 447
      login and nonlogin shells, 45
      Mac OS X, 44
      outputting text from command line into, 770
      reading from, process groups and, 453
      reading/writing from, 885
      screen editors vs., 93
      settings in .cshrc.$HOST file, 60
      status line, 77
      status line, current directory information, 78
      TERM environment varialbe, 703
      termcap database, 94
      TERMCAP environment variable, 706
      terminfo database, 94
      tty number for current users, 38
      tty types, 37
      unkillable processes, 479
      windows without shells, 482
      WTS, connecting to with Citrix, 963-966
terminating
      loops, 623
      processes
            signals for, 468
      processes, stopping vs., 439
terminating lines (see newlines)
terminfo database, 80, 94
      resizing windows, 100
terminfo entries, 338
test command, 735
      -a and -o (and and or) operators, 770
      numeric tests, errors in, 777
      sed editor
            script.tidy using in, 783
      string tests, syntax errors, 778
      versions of, 735
      in while loops, 728
test (t) command, sed editor, 695
testing
      character strings using expr, 764
      exit status with if statement, 716-718
      find command results, 181
      interactive programs with Expect, 570
      strings with case statement, 770
      terminal type with tset command, 95
TEX
      CTAN, 929
      typesetting with, 928
text
      analyzing
            paired items, checking, 305
      converting files into printing language, 930
      copying and pasting between windows running vi, 343
      copying and pasting in xterms
            between windows, 120-122
            large selections with xclipboard, problems with, 119
            xclipboard, using, 117-118
      editing features in Emacs, 356
      editors for (see editors)
      empty files and, 898
      formatting for phototypesetters, 915
      formatting with enscript command, 922
      formatting with pr command, 920-922
      handling with temporary files, 563
      highlighting with hgrep, 260
      outputting to an X window, 770-772
      titlebars and icons, setting xterms for, 111
      transformations on, using sed editor, 680
text files
      filename extension, 18
      newline character in, 27
text processing
      columns
            making automatically with column, 413
            making with pr, 411-413
      converting with dd utility, 410
      indenting text, 396
      neatening text with fmt, 391
      paired item checking, 305
      re-formatting comment lines, 394
      removing mail/news headers, 395
      rotating text, 419
      selecting and cutting columns, 410
      splitting files by context, 401-404
      straightening jagged columns, 415
Text widget commands, editing text sent to xclilpboard, 118
Text::Autoformat Perl module, 393
textual analysis
      words, extracting, 306
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), 974
then statement, 717
      empty, creating with : operator, 746
tilde (~) operator, 51
time
      fields in crontab entries, 490
      file changes and modifications, 154
            finding oldest or newest files by, 155
      of login, recording, 43
      picking to run at jobs, 497
      showing with history command, 599
      on Unix systems, 781
      (see also date and time; timestamps)
time command, 502, 503, 744
time daemon, 781
time operators, find command (-mtime, -atime, and -ctime), 178, 179
Time to go now.... message, 498
timeout keyword, 567
timestamps, 154
      arbitrary, creating files with, 179
      comparing with make program, 231
      inode information, 263
      kept by tcsh and zsh with their history, 599
      listing with diff commands, 222
      listing/finding files by, 155, 162, 168
      sed editor and, 672
timex command, 504
timezones, TZ variable for, 707
timing programs, 503
tip program, 568
titlebars in xterm, 111
/tmp directory, 823
      history files in, 607
      sharing with SMB network, 953
tolower command (awk), 388
toolkits (X Window), 130
top command, 459, 501
top-level domains (TLDs), 946
touch command
      creating file with arbitrary timestamp, 179
      -i file, creating for file deletion, 267
toupper command (awk), 388
tpipe command, 896
tr command, 305, 404-406
      Berkeley vs. System V, 404
      converting characters, 11
      -cs options, listing words in a file, 307
      -d option, deleting characters in strings, 406
      filtering vi text through to convert case, 323
      NUL-separated entries from environ file, translating to newline-separated lines, 466
      squeeze option, 406
      storing control characters in shell variables, 783
traceroute program, 942
tracked aliases, 520, 575
transform command (y), sed editor, 680, 683-685
translation tables, 131
      example, 133
      syntax for specifying as a resource, 132
Transport Control Protocol (see TCP; TCP/IP)
trap command, 86, 469, 471
      exits caused by interrupted scripts, 721
      signals for, 722
trapping signals, 469
trash directory, 268
trees, directory (see under directories)
troff, 926, 928
troubleshooting
      stalled data connections, 102
      stray prompt problems, 73
true command, 746
true (exit status) utility, 715
true or false values in Perl, 847
trusted-host authentication, problems with, 1016
tset command, 55, 95
      key settings, changes in, 106
      -m (map) option, 95, 97
      -Q (quiet) option, 96
T-shell (see tcsh shell)
TSTP (stop) signal, 468
tty, 7
tty command, 37, 460
tty number
      displaying with usernames, 38
      in ps listing, 459
tty serial port, for activity monitoring, 452
ttys and ttytab files, 58
tty-type virtual consoles, 448
twm window manager, 961
type command, 36, 524
-type operator (find command), 183, 184
typescript file, 782
typeset -f command, listing functions you've defined, 585
typesetting, 915
      converting typeset files into printing language, 931
      manpages with nroff, 927
      overview, 925
      Unix history of, 926
typos, fixing with vi abbreviations, 330
TZ (timezone) environment variable, 707

U[ Top ]
/u directory, 629
UAs (User Agents), 945
uc operator, 846
UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 936, 937
UIDs (see user IDs)
ulimit -f command, 280
umask command, 631
      default mode for newly created files, 985
      permission values, setting, 997
      setting in shell scripts, 455
      subshell, running in, 773
umount command, 906
unalias command, 575
uname -n command, 36
uncompressing files, 282
      bunzip2 program, 283
underscore (_) in filenames, 16
undoing
      actions in Emacs editor, 354
      deletions with vi editor, 313
      edits in vi editor, 334
      search and replace commands with vi editor, 315
unformatted manpage files, 35
uniq command, 418
      sort -u vs., 427
      testing for duplicate terms, 305
Universal Serial Bus (USB), 911
Unix
      advantages of, 3, 4
      communicating with, 6
      networking and communications utilities, 28
      priority, definition of, 507
      versions of, xxx
unkillable processes, cleaning up, 479
unless statements, 852
unlimit coredumpsize command, 281
unlink( ) system call, 272
unlink function, 856
unlocking files (RCS), 816
unmatched pieces of code, errors caused by, 776
unset -f command, deleting definition of function, 585
unset variables, errors caused by, 778
unsetenv command, 704
unshift operator (Perl), 849
until loops, 623
      nonzero exit status, 773
      test command used with, 735
      testing exit status in Bourne shells, 719
      while loops vs., 720
updatedb shell script, 190
updating
      CVS files, 819, 820
      distributed database, 232
      information on available packages with apt-get, 834
upgrading installed packages with apt-get, 834
uppercase (see case)
uptime command, 87, 501, 506
URI for software package source, 832
urllib module, 876
urllib2 module, 876, 877
URLs for Java applet VNC desktops, 960
USB (Universal Serial Bus), 911
Usenet, 29
      eight-bit text, encoding into seven-bit, 406
      GNUS client in Emacs, 357
User Agents (UAs), 945
User Datagram Protocol (see UDP)
user defined subroutines (Perl), 845
USER environment variable, 706
user IDs (UIDs), 453
      in passwd file, 983
user interfaces (see GUIs)
-user operator (find command), 186
user time, 503
useradd utility, 984
user-based access control, 143
username field in crontab entries, 490
users
      backing up directories, 791
      login shell, killing, 471
      RCS files, listing for, 817
      UID, 983
      Unix user/group infrastructure, 982
            adding to Unix systems, 982-984
            disabling logins, 993
            file ownerhsip and, 995
            group permissions in directory with setgid bit, 985
            groups and group ownership, 986-988
            groups that deny permissions, 988
            substitute identity with su, 990
            SUID and SGID scripts, 989
            superpowers with sudo application, 991
      usernames, 983
            in shell prompt, 71
users command, 733
user-space tools to configure devices, 900
/usr directory, 823
      /usr/bin directory, 822
            local programs and, 210
            programs in, 13
      /usr/bsd directory
            remote shell (rsh), 143
      /usr/dict/words file, 299
      /usr/lib/crontab file, 489
      /usr/lib/crontab.local file, 489
      /usr/libexec/makewhatis file, 33
      /usr/lib/spell directory, 299
      /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults file, 139
      /usr/local directory, 210
      /usr/local/bin directory, 822
      /usr/local/man directory, 35
      /usr/man directory, 35
      /usr/share/man directory, 35
utilities
      combining, 700
      relationship with kernel, shell, and applications, 8
      (see also individual utility or command names)
UUCP (Unix-to-Unix copy), 29
uudecode command, 408
uuencode utility, 407
uuencoding, 406
uuname -l command, 36

V[ Top ]
-v (verbose) option, 760
values function (Perl), 851
values, Python objects, 873
/var directory, 823
variable substitutions, 12
      Bourne shell quoting and, 528
      editing by shells, 547
      editing with : (colon) string editing operators, 547-549
variable-length records, converting to/from fixed length, 410
variables
      awk utility, 382
      class variables (Python), 873
      environment (see environment variables)
      inheritance of, 711
      instance variables (Python), 873
      multiple, creating for loops with, 750
      Perl (see Perl)
      resource (X Window System), 128
      scanning contents with eval, 751
      set to word lists, 779
      shell (see shell variables)
      substitution of (see variable substitutions)
variable-width columns, creating with column utility, 414
/var/log/lastlog file, 43
/var/log/wtmp file, 43
/var/run/utmp file, 43
varying commands while repeating them, 554
Vaults of Parnassus (Python repository), 870
verbose option (Bourne shell), 760
verbose shell variable, 533
version control systems, 814
      CVS, 818-821
      Emacs support of, 356
      RCS, 815-818
      saving every file version, 790
versions
      of commands, 36
      Perl, 840
            verifying on your system, 842
      UNIX, xxx
vgrep script, 665
vi editor, 308-335
      ^ and $ characters, use of, 639
      abbreviations, 328-331
            commands, using as, 330
            fixing typos with, 330
      appending to existing file, 317
      autowrite option, 442
      capitalizing words, 320
      centering lines of text, 398
      command-line editing, 610
      compound searches, 327
      confirming substitutions in, 315
      counting occurrences and stopping search wraps, 320
      custom commands, creating, 336-352
            cursor motion in text-input mode without arrow keys, 349
            file-backup macros, 351
            @-functions, 340-343
            keymaps for pasting into window running vi, 343
            macro for splitting long lines, 350
            map commands, 336-340
            mapping keys in vi, further examples, 347
            maps for repeated edits, 345
            noremap command, 350
            protecting keys from interpretation by ex, 343
            repeating a keymap, 348
            typing in uppercase without CAPS LOCK, 348
      defining alternate vi environments, 312
      deleting text blocks by patterns, 318
      development of, 93
      file ownership, 999
      file recovery with vi -r, 324
            recovered buffers, cautions about, 325
      filtering text through Unix command, 322
            fmt command, neatening lines with, 333
      grep command, command substitution with, 562
      keys available for user-defined commands, 337
      line vs. character commands, 331
      local settings for, 312
      marking place with m command, 334
      moving blocks of text by patterns, 317
      multiple setup files, 321
      pattern matches, global commands with, 318-320
      recovering past deletions in numbered buffers, 313
      regular expressions in search and replacement patterns, delimiting, 675
      requote script, using, 121
      running ex scripts, 373
      saving old and new version of file, 316
      saving part of a file, 316
      search patterns and global commands, using, 314
            global searches, 315
      setting up with .exrc file, 334
      shell escapes, 326
      signals, ignoring, 469
      switching between files, 309
            buffers, using to copy or move text, 313
            transferring text with yank buffers, 311
      temporary space, running out of, 332
      translating strings with tr -d command, 406
vim editor, 308
virtual consoles (Linux), 83, 447
      switching between, 92, 447
      tty-type, scrolling and copy and paste, 448
virtual machine running Windows, 962
virtual memory statistics, 977
Virtual Network Computing (see VNC)
vis command, 554
      C shell history compared to, 558
      -d option, 558
      -s option, 559
      variations of (display, rep, watch), 559
VISUAL environment variable, 705
Vixie cron, 489
      crontab file, creating, 490
      Linux shortcuts to cron tasks, 493
      month and day names in crontab entry time fields, 490
vmstat command, 977
vmware program, 962
VNC (Virtual Network Computing), 959-962
      connecting to Windows VNC server, 960
      setting up on Unix, 960
vold daemon, 907
VT Fonts menu (xterm), 113, 114, 115
      Escape Sequences and Selection, enabling, 116
VT Options menu (xterm), 113
      enabling scrollbars, 108
      mode toggles, 114
vulnerabilities, 969
      buffer overflow, 972
      CERT web site information on, 971
      file modification without write access, 1003
      Microsoft security bulletins about, 971

W[ Top ]
\w in regular expressions, 641, 855
\W (non-word character character), 641
W3 mode (Emacs), 357
wait command, 480
      in background jobs, 716
warning or error messages
      Perl (-w option), 843
      signals as, 468
watch command, 559
watchq script, 472
wc (word count) command, 303
      -c, -l, and -w options, 303
      whitespace in output, 304
web browsers (see browsers)
Web, described, 28
web-browser mode (Emacs), 357
webjump feature, Emacs, 357
well-known ports, database of, 938
werase key, 105
wfcmgr program, 964
wget utility, 834-836
      options, 835
What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM) editing, 929
whatis command, 33
wheel (superuser group), 983, 988
whence command, 36
whereis command, 33
      options, 34
      rsh, checking version of, 142
      testing command names, 736
which command
      alternatives to, 36
      checking for existing command names, 736
      rsh, checking version of, 142
      setting the prompt variable, 53
while command (awk), 388
while loops, 623
      asking for variable names and displaying values, 777
      case, shift, and test commands, using with, 728
      endless, 746, 771
      /g pattern modifier and, 856
      handling command-line arguments, 728
      in Perl script, 844
      read command used in, 750
      with several loop control commands, 753
      stepping through command-line arguments, 726
      test command used with, 735
      testing exit status, 720
whitespace
      blank lines, squashing extra with cat -s, 241
      displaying in a line with cat command, 238
      in filenames, 165, 533
            finding files with, 180, 273
      ignoring in sort command, 428
      leading, removing in Emacs from series of lines, 356
      matching in Perl regular expressions with \s, 855
      newline character, 27
      removing from text with dedent script, 121
      separating command arguments, 8
      shell functions, spaces in, 581
      SPACE characters, ASCII, 110
      TAB characters
            ASCII, 110
            stripping in Bourne shell scripts, 535
      wc command output, 304
who am i command, 56
who command, 38, 562, 733
      examples, 698
      GNU version, 38
whois command, 946
wildcards, 18-20
      !$ sequence for safety with, 597
      in aliases, 520
      in case statements, 713, 714
      deleting files, use in, 264
      for dot files, 273
      file creation and, 544
      file-naming, 657-667
            expansion by shells, 660
            failing to match, 662
            file name and extension as separate entities, 660
            grep -c, listing nonmatching files, 664
            grep -l command, listing matching files, 664
            in pathnames, 658
            listing of, 658-660
            nom script, listing nonmatching files, 666
            pathnames, not using in, 663
            shell handling of, 660-662
            vgrep script, listing nonmatching files, 665
      in for loops, 728
      limiting searches with, 188
      ls command, using shell wildcard pattern, 161
      regular expressions vs., 634
      set command using, 734
      shell expansion of, 634
      shell, matching with fast find commands, 189
      tar, using with, 800-803
            GNU tar, 801-803
Windows
      connecting Unix machines to, 951-966
            Citrix, connecting to WTS server, 963-966
            connecting to SMB shares from Unix, 959
            emulators and APIs, 962
            printing with Samba, 958
            Samba, installing and configuring, 951
            securing Samba, 955
            sharing desktops with VNC, 959-962
            swat and GUI SMB browsers, 956
      dual-booting with Unix, 904
      printing over Samba, 923
            from Unix to Windows printer, 924
            to Unix printers, 924
      Python interface to wxWindows toolkit, 875
      quote characters, formatting for Unix, 120
      security bulletins from Microsoft, 971
      SMB-shared filesystems, mounting on Unix, 909
      WYSIWYG editors, typesetting with, 925
windows
      chain of processes leading to, 480-482
      closing by killing window processes, 484-487
            shell script, using, 486
            web browser (example), 485
            xterm window (example), 484
      Emacs, 354
      Gnome, on Linux, 15
      Linux, listing on, 14
      session info in title, 77
      starting new from shell, 454
      terminal without shells, 482
      testing size for, 58
      twm window manager on VNC, 961
      xmessage, setting to fit text, 772
      (see also terminals; X Window System; xterm)
wine program, emulating Windows API, 962
"Winmodems,", 910
WINNAME environment variable, 59
wish shell, 10
word lists
      ispell program, 301
            munchlist script, 302
      spell command, in spellhist file, 301
      variables set to, 779
word vectors, 524
WORDLIST environment variable, 297
      overriding default personal word list, 301
words
      abbreviation in vi editor, 328-331
            commands, using as, 330
            fixing typos with, 330
      breaking string into with :x operator, 549
      counting with wc command, 303
      doubled, 305
      extracting, 306
      matching with \< \> in regular expressions, 643
      selection
            in xterm, 110
work function, 582, 586
workgroups, 951
working area (CVS), 818
      repository for, 819
      updating workspace, 820
workstations
      configuring with DHCP, 947
      display, 15
      private NAT for, 949
world (file ownership), 995
World Wide Web, described, 28
world-write file permissions, 997
      sticky bit, setting for directory, 999
wrappers
      shell script, for other scripts, 724
      TCP, checking logs in intruder detection, 980
wrapping lines in vi, macro for, 350
write command, 30, 37
      ex editor, 372
      running from a daemon, 473
write permission
      changing with chmod, 1000
      denying, 1002
      for directories, 148
            implications of, 995
            renaming or removing files, 999
      directories, renaming or removing files, 999
      files, modifying without, 1003
      finding files by, 185
      group, 998
      script for adding, editing file, then removing, 1002
      scripts for changing, 1003
writewav.pl script, 842
writing output to terminal, enabling/disabling for background jobs, 444
writing-tar process, 216
wtmp file, login information, 43
WTS (Windows Terminal Services), connecting to with Citrix, 963-966
ww function, 305
ww.sh script, 305
wxPython GUI, 875
WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) editing programs, 367
WYSIWYM editors, 929

X[ Top ]
x (exchange) command, sed, 681, 688
:x (string editing) operator, breaking line into words, 549
X toolkit, 130
X Window System, 30
      closing window by killing its processes, 484
      defining keys and button presses with xmodmap, 124-127
      DISPLAY environment variable, 710
      keysym mappings, using xev to learn, 127
      outputting text into terminal with xmessage, 770-772
      remote logins, 140
      resize command, 59
      resources
            event translations, overview, 130-133
            setting, 133-140
            syntax of, 128-130
      server and screen numbers, 710
      shell, using from an xterm, 480-482
      starting remote clients, 140-143
            from interactive logins, 141
            with rsh and ssh, 142
      testing window size, 55
      who am i command, 56
      X forwarding, problems with, 1029
      xmodmap command, 105
xargs command, 563
      -0 option, 180
      completed filenames, passing to with sed, 187
      egrep arguments, handling, 192
      egrep, using with, 194
      -exec operator (find command) vs., 180
      find command, using with, 174
      grep output, pipelining, 257
      piping locate output to, 188
xargs utility, 565-567
      -n option, 566
      -p option, 566
xauth command
      copying access code to remote machine, 143
xclipboard
      setting up xterm to use, 140
xclipboard window, 117-118
      large text selections, problems with, 119
.Xdefaults file, 129
      xrdb utility vs., 133
-xdev operator (find command), 197
      preventing networked filesystem searches, 200
XEmacs (Lucent Emacs), 357
xev utility, 127
xgrep script, 648
xhost command, 141
      executing before rsh, 143
xmessage utility, 770-772
XML, 929
xmodmap program, 105, 127
      defining keys and button presses, 124-127
xrdb utility, 129, 133, 136-139
      -backup option, 138
      -edit option, 138
      -load option, 139
      -merge option, 137
      -query option, 137
      removing definitions, 138
.Xresources file, 129
xterm, 30
      built-in logger, 783
      chain of processes leading to window, 480-482
      closing window by killing its processes, 484
      color, 79
      configuring, 106-123
            copy and paste, 109
            copy and paste between windows, 120-122
            fonts, changing dynamically, 115-117
            fonts, selecting, 112
            login shell, 107
            menus, 113-114
            saved lines, 109
            scrollbars, 108
            titlebar and icon text, 111
            words, defining for text selection, 110
            xclipboard, 117-118
      copy and paste, 557
      -e option, 122, 123
      login shells, 44
      size of windows, 58, 99
      starting windows, 454
      terminal window without shells, 482
      window title, 77
            showing command line in, 87
xwrist script, 771

Y[ Top ]
y (transform) command, sed editor, 680, 683-685
yank buffers, 313
yes command, 784

Z[ Top ]
.Z file extension (compress program), 284
Z shell (see zsh)
zap script (interactively killing processes), 477
zcat command, 283
ZDOTDIR environment variable, 47
zero string length, testing for, 739
zeros in /dev/zero file, 899
Zip disks
      backing up to, 794
      mounting, 906
zless command (less for compressed files), 283
.zlogin file, 47
zmore script, 721
      arguments for, 726
      for loops in, 727
zombies, 461, 470, 480
.zprofile file, 47
zsh (Z shell), 10, 47, 513
      { } (pattern-expansion characters), building strings with, 545
      &! and &| operators for background processes, 446
      aliases, 571, 574, 576
      arrays, 195
            expanding ranges, 196
      bg_nice option, 482
      built-in arithmetic, 584
      cd +n and cd -n commands, moving directory in stack, 626
      command-line editing, 615
      completion features, 549
            command-specific, 551
      configuration files, 47
      disown command, 446
      editing history substitutions, 547
      environment variable for shell function, changing, 586
      exit status of command line, reversing, 716
      fc -l command, listing previous commands with, 598
      foreach loop, 554
      FPATH search path for shell functions, 590
      globbing (wildcard expansion), 660
      histchars variable, 615
      history file, 606
      limiting file size, 280
      login shells, creating, 61
      MULTIOS option, 894
      options, resetting for shell functions, 586
      passing command history to, 608
      pre-prompt commands, 87
      PRINT_EXIT_VALUE option, 716
      prompts
            %!, getting history number with, 72
            dynamic, 72
            right-side, 81
            secondary, showing names of continuing constructs, 560
            setting, 71
      redirecting standard I/O, 887
      repeating commands with repeat loop, 554
      SAVEHIST variable, 606
      shell variables, read-only, 712
      SHLVL environment variable, 82
      special characters/operators, 536-539
      wildcards, failing to match, 663
.zshenv file, 47
.zshrc file, 47, 74, 87

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