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Numbers[ Top ]
4Suite, 591

Symbols[ Top ]
See also
      complete list of operators, Table 4-2, 50
      regular expression pattern syntax, Table 9-2, 201-202
      string-formatting specifier syntax, 193-194
& (ampersand), set intersection operator, 59
<> (angle brackets)
      Tkinter event names, 447
      obsolete form of !=, 50
* (asterisk)
      from statement, 143
      sequence repetition operator, 54
      special form in def parameters, 72
      special form in function call, 75
@ (at-sign), decorators, 37, 115-116
` (backquote), string conversion, 50
\ (backslash)
      in directory paths, 24
      escape sequences in string literals, 42
      joining physical lines into one logical line, 34
      in regular expressions, 202
^ (caret), set symmetric difference operator, 59
: (colon)
      compound statements, 38
      dictionary literals, 44
, (comma)
      class statement, 82-83
      def statement, 70
      function call, 74
      tuples, 42
{} (curly braces), dictionary literals, 44
$ (dollar sign), in template strings, 196
** (double asterisk)
      exponentiation operator, 53
      special form in def parameters, 72
      special form in function call, 75
== (double equals), equality comparison, 53
// (double forward slash), truncating division operator, 52-53
" (double quote), string literals, 40-41
_ _ (double underscore)
      class-private variables, 85
      special methods, 82, 104
. . . (ellipsis)
      in array slicing, 382-383
      in doctest tracebacks, 456
      prompt in interactive sessions, 25
= (equals)
      assignment, 47
      augmented assignment, 36, 49
      in long-form option strings, 180
      named arguments, 44, 74-75
      optional parameters, 71
! (exclamation point), pdb command, 467
/ (forward slash)
      in directory paths, 24
      semantics of division, 24, 52-53
- (hyphen)
      command-line options, 23-24, 179
      set difference operator, 59
() (parentheses)
      class statement, 82
      def statement, 70
      function call, 74
      genexps, 79-80
      ternary operator, 51
      tuples, 42
% (percent sign)
      remainder operator, 52
      string formatting, 193
. (period)
      attribute syntax, 46, 84, 87, 89-91
      in docstrings, 73
      in floating-point literals, 39
+ (plus sign)
      to form complex numbers, 40
      sequence concatenation operator, 53
# (pound sign)
      comments, 33
      coding directive, 35
      shebang line, 29
; (semicolon)
      not needed at end of line, 34
      separator for multistatement lines, 24, 37-38
' (single quote), string literals, 40
[] (square brackets)
      indexing, 54, 60, 380
      list comprehensions, 67
      list literals, 43
      slicing, 55, 381-383
""" (triple double quote), string literals, 40-41
>>> (triple right-angle bracket)
      prompt in interactive sessions, 25
      recognized by doctest, 454-455
''' (triple single quote), string literals, 40-41
_ (underscore)
      class-private variables, 85
      in gettext (i18n), 274
      in interactive sessions, 25
      module-private variables, 142
| (vertical bar), set union operator, 59

A[ Top ]
Active Server Pages (ASP), 557
ActivePython, 19
ActiveState
      Python Cookbook, 11
      Python IDEs offered by, 27
anydbm module, 286
Apache servers
      installing Python CGI scripts, 552
      Webware/mod_webkit for, 559
Apple Macintosh (see Macintosh)
applets, Jython, 6, 664
applications
      developing, 474
      event-driven, 406, 533
      multithreaded, 350
      Windows, with COM, 676
arguments (when calling functions), 73-75
arithmetic operators, 52-53, 112-115, 369-370
ArithmeticError exception, 129
ARPA module, 327
array module, 375
array objects (Numeric module), 378
      attributes and methods, 388-390
      comparisons, 384-385
      factory functions, 385-388
      indexing and slicing, 381-384
      operations, 390-392
      type codes, 379-380
ascii, default encoding in Python, 199-200
      character to code ordinal (ord), 166
      code ordinal to character (chr), 161
ASP (Active Server Pages), 557
assert statement, 138
AssertionError class (built-in), assert statement, 138
assignment statements
      assignment, 47
      augmented assignment, 36, 49
      in long-form option strings, 180
      named arguments, 44, 74
      to Numeric.array slices, 383
asynchat module, 537
      performance characteristics, 558
asynchronous programming, 533
asyncore module, 535
      performance characteristics, 558
atexit module, 337
atomic operations, 341, 344
Attr class (minidom module), 602
AttributeError exception, 90
AttributeList class (minidom module), 600
attributes
      binding, 84-87
      of class objects, 84
      deleting, 98
      of module objects, 140
      overriding, 95
      unbinding, 84, 87
attributes attribute (Node object), 600
Attributes object (xml.sax package), 595
augmented assignment statements, 49
authentication
      SMTP servers, 505
      URL access to network protocols, 502

B[ Top ]
bag (see defaultdict type)
base classes, 82-83
base64 module, 561
BaseHTTPServer module, 530
      web server implementation, 558
BaseRequestHandler class (SocketServer module), 528
basestring type, 154
benchmarking, 451, 475
Berkeley Database library (see BSD DB)
big-O notation and concepts, 476-479
binaries, downloading and installing, 18-19
binary data, encoding as text, 561-563
binary files, 219-220
Binary Large OBjects (see BLOBs)
binary search, 176
binding variables, 46
bisect module, 176
BitmapImage class, 414
blank lines, ignored, 33-34
BLOBs (Binary Large OBjects), 294-295
blocks, indentation and, 34
bool type, 154
Boolean values, 45
Boost Python Library, 645
bound methods, 91
break statement, 68
browsers, 575
BSD DB (Berkeley Database library), 287, 289
bsddb module, 288-290
buffer type, 154
buffering, cmd.py and, 357
buffers, file objects, 218
building a list (see list comprehensions)
building a string from pieces, 484
built-in exception classes, 129-132
built-in functions, 158-167
built-in modules, 141
      _ _import_ _ function, 147
      loading, 144
built-in types, 155-159
      inheriting from, 83, 98, 103-104
built-in variable _ _debug_ _, 138
Button class (Tkinter module), 415
      flash method, 415
bz2 module, 232

C[ Top ]
C compiler, ISO-compliant, installing Python and, 14
C library, time module and, 302
C programming language, CPython and, 614-646
C++ programming language, extending Python with, 645-646
calculator, 25
calendar module, 317-318
call stack, unwinding on exceptions, 126
callables, 45
calling functions, 73-74
Canvas class (Tkinter module), 436-442
case sensitivity, Windows os.environ keys, 354
cdef (in Pyrex), 651-652
CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 545
cgi module, 545-552
CGI scripting, 545
      Content-Type header, 549
      cookies, 553
      error messages, 550
      HTML forms submission, 546
      output, 549
      scripts, 551, 557
CGIHTTPServer module, 530
cgitb module, 551
character sets, 34
Checkbutton class (Tkinter module), 415
Cheetah package, 586
CherryPy, 559
child widgets, 420
childNodes attribute (Node object), 600
circular imports, 146
class body, 83-85
class methods, 99
class object, 84-85
class statement, 82
classes, 82-85
      bound and unbound methods, 91-94
      descriptors, 82, 85-86
      inheritance, 94-98
      metaclasses, 116-120
      new-style, 81, 83, 103-104, 117-118
      old-style (classic), 81, 103, 117
Classic Python (see Python)
class-level methods, 99
classmethod type, 99, 154
class-private variables, 85
clauses in compound statements, 38
CLDR (Common Locale Data Repository), 276
clients, networking, 493
closure (see nested functions)
cmath module, 365
cmd module, 265-268
code object, 329-332
codecs module, 198-199
CodeWarrier Pro 7 C compiler, 18
coercion (see conversions)
collections module, 173-175
COM, extending Python with, 646
command-line options, 23-24, 179
comments, 33
Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR), 278
comparing arrays of numbers, 384
comparing directories, 251-252
comparison operators, 51, 53
      special methods, 104-106
      and unit tests, 460
compiling
      to bytecode, 28, 145
      to code objects, 160, 329
      to EXE or .app files, 675-676
      to Java bytecode, 662-664
complex numbers, 40
complex type, 154
compound statements, 38
compressed files
      bz2 module, 232
      gzip module, 230-232
      tarfile module, 233-235
      zipfile module, 235-239
      zlib module, 239
concatenating many strings into one, 484
concatenation, sequences, 54
Condition class (threading module), 344, 347
conditional operator (see ternary operator)
config method, Widget object, 411
Connection object (DBAPI-compliant modules), 296
console I/O, 260-265
Console module, 265
constants (see literals)
constructing a list (see list comprehensions)
constructing a string from parts, 484
constructor, 86
constructor function, copy_reg module, 283
container widgets, 420
containers, special methods for, 109-110
      (see also collections module)
ContentHandler class (xml.sax package), 594-595
continue statement, 68
control flow statements, 62-69
conversions
      numeric operators, 52
      sequences, 54
converting
      numbers, 155
      strings, 198
cookies, 553
Cooledit program, 27
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), 302
copy module, 172
copy_reg module, pickling customization with, 283
cPickle module, 279-281
CPython (Classic Python), 5, 613
      C-coded Python extensions, 614-627, 633, 638
      CNRI Open Source GPL-Compatible License, 7
      embedding, 647-653
      extending, 614, 645
      installing, 14
      reference counts, 333
CRC checksums, 239
cross-platform portability, 5
cStringIO module, 229
ctypes, 646
currying, 175
curses package, 261
Cursor object (DBAPI), 297-298
custom exceptions, 133
custom metaclasses, 116-119
customization, site and user, 338
cyclic garbage loops, 333
Cygwin, building Python for, 17

D[ Top ]
data types
      Boolean values, 45
      callables, 45
      C-coded, 638
      dictionaries, 44
      None, 45
      numbers, 38
            complex, 40
            floating-point, 39
            integers, 39
      sequences
            iterables, 40
            lists, 43
            strings, 40-42
            tuples, 42
      sets, 43
      user-definable, 81
Database API (see DBAPI)
date/time values, 302-316
      computing moveable feast days, 327
      in ISO 8601 formats, 327
      time-tuple, 302
datetime class, datetime module, 309
DateTime class (mx.DateTime module), 319-323
datetime module, 306
DateTimeDelta class (mx.DateTime module), 324-326
dateutil module, 313-315
date class, datetime module, 306
DB2 module, 299
DBAPI (Database API) 2.0, 277, 292-299
dbhash module, 286-287
dbm library, 285
dbm module, 287
DBM modules, 285
      anydbm module, 286
      bsddb module, 288
      dbm/gdbm/dbhash modules, 287
      dumbdbm module, 287
      whichdb module, 287
DCOracle2 module, 299
debugging, 451, 461
      CGI scripts, 531
      HTML, 581
      in IDLE, 470
      inspect module, 462
      pdb module, 466
      race conditions, 351
      traceback module, 466
      warnings module, 471
decimal integer literals, 39
decimal module, 372
declarations
      cdef (in Pyrex), 651-652
      no such thing in Python, 37, 46
decorators, 115
deep copies, 172-173
def statement, 70, 85
default encoding (Unicode), 169, 170, 298, 338-339
defaultdict type (collections module), 174-175
defining
      functions, 70
            in class body, 85
      metaclasses, 118
del statement, 49
delimiters, 35, 36
deque type (collections module), 173-174
descendants, 83
description attribute, 297
descriptors, 85
destructor, 105
development environments, 26
      text editors with Python support, 27
dict type, 154
dictionaries, 44
      exec statement and, 328
      indexing, 60
      membership checking, 60
      methods, 60
      optimizing operations on, 479
DictionaryType attribute (types module), 332
DictType attribute (types module), 332
dircmp class, 251
directories (see filesystem operations)
directory paths, distribution utilities, 667
dispatcher class (asyncore module), 535-536
distributed computing, 516-519
distribution root directory, 667
      setup.py script, 667
distribution utilities (see distutils)
distributions, 667
      root directory of, 667
distutils (distribution utilities), 150, 666
      creating prebuilt distributions, 674
      distribution contents, 669
      distribution root directory, 666
      distutils module, setup function, 667
      distutils package, 151
      providing metadata about distribution, 667
      setup.cfg file, 673
      setup.py script, 667
division operators, 52
Django, 559
DLLs (dynamic load libraries), 613
      interoperability of Python release and debugging builds, 16
DNS (Domain Name System), 521
docstrings (documentation strings), 72, 85, 142
doctest module, 454
Document class (minidom module), 602-607
Document Object Model (see DOM)
Document Type Definition (DTD), 593
documentation, 10
      embedding/extending Python, 613
documentation strings (see docstrings)
DOM (Document Object Model), parsing XML, 599
      minidom module, 599
      pulldom module, 605
      xml.dom package, 599
Domain Name System (DNS), 521
DOMException class (xml.dom package), 599
double-ended queue (see deque type)
DTD (Document Type Definition), 593
dumbdbm module, 286-287
dynamic execution, 328
dynamic load libraries (see DLLs)

E[ Top ]
EAFP (easier to ask forgiveness than permission), 134
      Queue module and, 343
echo servers
      TCP, 525
      UDP, 527
eGenix GmbH, 306, 319
Element class (minidom module), 603-607
ElementTree, 592, 599, 607
ellipsis ( . . . )
      in array slicing, 382-383
      in doctest tracebacks, 456
      prompt in interactive sessions, 25
else clause, loop statements, 69
emacs program, 27
email package, 564
      Encoders module, 570
      functions, 564
      Generator module, 568
      Utils module, 570
email protocols, 503
      poplib module, 503
      smtplib module, 505
embedding/extending
      CPython, 613
      Jython, 655
Encoders module, 570
encoding attribute, 219
encoding binary data as text, 561
      base64 module, 561
      quopri module, 562
      uu module, 563
encodings
      codecs, 198
      default (see default encoding)
      Latin-1, 582
      network, 561
encodings package, 199
entity references, HTML, 582
Entry class (Tkinter module), 416
enumerate type, 155
environ attribute (os module), 354
environment variables
      process environment, 353
      Python interpreter and, 22
EOFError exception, 165
epoch, 302
equality and inequality, 50, 53
      and hashing, 107
      identity, 162
      special methods, 104-106
      and unit tests, 460
errno module, 240
error handling, 134-138
error messages, 471
      CGI scripting, 550
      file printed to, 127
      traceback messages, 121
escape sequences, strings, 41
etree (see ElementTree)
Event class
      threading module, 344
      Tkinter module, 446
event scheduler, 316
event-driven applications
      GUI applications, 406
      network programs, 533
events, 540
      binding callbacks to, 446
Exception class (built-in), 129
exception classes
      custom, 132
      DBAPI, 293
      standard, 130
exception handling, 121
      exception propagation, 126
      Python 2.5, 124
      try statement, 121-123
exceptions, 121
      C-coded Python extensions, 625
      custom, 133
      exception objects, 129-132
      OSError, 240
      pending, gathering information about, 133
      raise statement, 128
      standard, hierarchy of, 129
exec statement, 328
      limiting use of, 328, 486
executables, creating, 674-676
execution, 145
      dynamic, 328
exponentiation operators, 53
      ternary exponentiation-and-modulo, 165, 115
expression statements, 329
expressions, 37, 50
      exec statement and, 329
eXtensible Markup Language (see XML)
extension modules, 5, 153
      C-coded, 615
      portability and, 5
      Python implementations and, 7
      resources for further information, 11
      writing in lower-level languages, 5

F[ Top ]
False, 45
factory functions, 88
FastCGI, 557
Feasts module, 327
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), 403
FieldStorage class (cgi module), 547-548
FIFO (first-in first-out) queue (see deque type)
file descriptor operations, 253-256
file extensions, order of, when searching filesystem for modules, 145
file objects, 155, 216-221
      file-like objects, polymorphism, 222
      memory-mapped, 360
      tempfile module, 223-224
filecmp module, 250-252
fileinput module, 224-226
files
      compressed, 15
            bz2 module, 232
            gzip module, 230-232
            tarfile module, 233-235
            zipfile module, 235-239
            zlib module, 239
      HTML, getting information from, 576
      _ _init_ _.py, 667
      .jar, Jython and, 6
      jython.jar, 657
      permissions, 242
      .pythonrc.py, 339
      site.py, 338
filesystem operations, 241-256
filesystems, searching for modules, 144
filling text, 197
filters, warnings module, 472
flags argument (compile function), 205
float type, 155
floating-point numbers, 39
      generating pseudorandom, 372
      in string formats, 195
      mathematical functions on, 365
Font class (tkFont module), 433
for statement, 64-68
      else clause, 69
formatter module, 581
formatting strings, 193-195
Fortran, extending Python, 645
Frame class (Tkinter module), 420
from statement
      avoiding from...import, 486
      importing modules from packages, 149
      module object, 142
frozenset type, 155
FTP class (ftplib module), 506-509
ftplib module, 493, 507
functional module, 175
functions, 70-80
      built-in, 158-167
      calling and argument passing, 73-74
      C-coded Python extension modules, 617
      classes with callable instances, 93-94, 105
      defining, 70, 85
      function objects, 72-73, 332
      generators, 78-80
      lambda expressions, 78
      nested, 77
      parameters, 71-72
      recursion, 80
_ _future_ _, importing, 36, 53

G[ Top ]
gadfly module, 299
garbage collection
      getrefcount function (module sys), 169
      reference counting (C extensions), 620
      (see also gc module)
gc module, 333
      disable function, 335
      garbage attribute, 334
gdbm module, 287
generator expressions (genexps), 79-80
Generator module (email package), 568
generators
      functions, 78-80
      generator objects, Python 2.5, 126
genexps (generator expressions), 79-80
getpass module, 258
gettext module, 274-276
GIF (Graphical Interchange Format), 414
GIL (global interpreter lock), 341
global statement, 76
global variables, thread synchronization and, 346
gmpy module, 373-374
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time), retrieving current, 320
GNU, 258
GNU Public License (GPL), 8
GNU Readline Library, 258
GPL (GNU Public License), 8
Graphical Interchange Format (GIF), 414
graphical user interfaces (see GUIs)
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), retrieving current, 320
Gregorian calendar, 319
GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 405-450
      other GUI toolkits, 405
      Tkinter package, 405-450
gzip module, 230-232

H[ Top ]
hashing, 43-44, 107, 162
headers, clauses, 38
heapq module, 177
hierarchy of standard exceptions, 129
HTML (HyperText Markup Language), 575-590
      forms and CGI scripting, 546
      generating, 586-590
      getting information from (parsing), 575-585
htmlentitydefs module, 582
htmllib module, 580
HTMLParser class (HTMLParser module), 580-585
HTTP protocol, 499, 506
      cookies and, 553
      httplib module, 506
      twisted.protocols package, 540
HTTP servers, 530
HTTPBasicAuthHandler class, 502
HTTPConnection class, 507
HTTPDigestAuthHandler class, 502
httplib module, 493, 506
HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm class, 502
HTTPResponse class, 506-507
https protocol, 502, 506
      twisted.protocols package, 540
HTTPSConnection class, 507
HTTPServer class, 530-531
HyperText Markup Language (see HTML)

I[ Top ]
IBM DB/2, 299
identifiers, 35
      assignment statements, 47
identity (see is)
IDEs (Integrated Development Environments), 22
IDLE (Interactive DeveLopment Environment), 26
      debugging in, 470
if statement, 62-63
images, supported by Tkinter module, 414
IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol version 4), 503
immutable objects, 38
implementations of Python, 5
import statement, 140
in (membership test), 50, 54, 58, 60
      _ _contains_ _ special method, 111
indentation, 33
      blocks and, 34
Indexed-Sequential Access Method (ISAM), 285
indexing
      assignment statements, 48
      dictionaries, 60
      sequences, 54
industry-specific markup languages, 591
inequality (see equality and inequality)
inheritance
      classic classes, 82, 94-98
      multiple, 133
      new-style object model, 97, 104
      properties and, 101
input/output (see I/O)
inspect module, 332, 462-465
installing, 14
      C-coded Python extensions, 614
      IronPython, 21
      Jython, 20
      Python from binaries, 18
      Python from source code, 14-19
      resident extension modules, 647, 651, 653
instances, 86-87
      getting and setting attributes, 90-91
      per-instance methods, 103
      pickling, 282-283
int type, 155
integers, 39
      bitwise operations, 53
      converting numbers to, 155
      decimal integer literals, 39
Integrated Development Environments (IDEs), 22
interactive command sessions, 265-269
Interactive DeveLopment Environment (see IDLE)
interactive sessions, 25
      Python interpreter, 25
      sys.displayhook, 168
internal types, 331
internationalization, 269
      codecs module, 199
      gettext module, 274-276
      locale module, 269-274
      resources, 276
Internet Message Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4), 503
Internet Protocol (IP), 521
Internet servers, 528
interoperability, Python release and debugging builds, 16
inter-process communication (see IPC)
introspection, 329-332, 462-466
      dir built-in function, 161
      getattr built-in function, 162
I/O (input/output)
      console, 260-265
      getpass module, 258
      operations, optimizing, 488
      print statement, 256
      readline module, 258-260
      stderr, 256
      stadin, 257
      stdout, 256
IP (Internet Protocol), 521
IPC (inter-process communication), 340
      cross-platform mechanism, 360
      mmap object, using for, 364
IronPython
      installing, 21
      interpreter, 30
is (identity test), 50, 162
ISAM (Indexed-Sequential Access Method), 285
ISO 8601 formats, time/date values in, 327
ISO-compliant C compiler, installing Python and, 14
iterables, 40
iteration, file objects, 221
itertools module, 183-185

J[ Top ]
.jar files, 655, 662-664
jarray module, 658
Java
      classes, subclassing, 659
      compiling Python into, 662-664
      embedding Jython, 659-662
Java Development Kit (JDK), 20
Java Native Interface (JNI), 655
Java packages, 656-659
Java Virtual Machines (see JVMs)
JavaBeans, 659
java.util collection classes, 659
JDK (Java Development Kit), 20
JNI (Java Native Interface), 655
.join, 484
joining many strings into one, 484
JVMs (Java Virtual Machines), 6
      Jython installation and, 20
Jython, 6, 656
      documentation, 10
      embedding in Java, 659-662
      importing Java packages, 656-659
      installing, 20
Jython API, 660--662
jython interpreter, 29
jythonc command, 663
jython.jar file, 656

K[ Top ]
keyboard events (Tkinter), 447
keyboard focus (Tkinter), 411
keyed access, 285
keys (in dictionaries), 44
keywords, 35
Komodo, 27

L[ Top ]
Label class (Tkinter module), 417
lambda expressions, 78
language, lexical structure, 33-38
layout manager, 406
LBYL (look before you leap), 134
Lesser GPL (LGPL), 8
lexical structure of language, 33-38
LGPL (Lesser GPL), 8
LinearAlgebra module, 404
linecache module, 226
lines
      blank lines, 34
      logical lines, 33
      physical lines, 33
Linux
      installing Python from binaries, 19
      Red Hat Linux releases 6.x/7.x, 9
      support for cryptographic-quality pseudorandom numbers, 370
list comprehensions, 67-68
Listbox class (Tkinter module), 417
lists, 43
      in-place operations, 56
      maintaining order of, 176-179, 183
      methods, 56
      modifying, 56
      optimizing operations on, 478
      sequence operators, 55-58
literals, 35, 37
loading modules, 144-147
      _ _import_ _ function, 159
local variables of functions, 76
locale module, 269-274
locale sensitivity, string module, 192
locks, 341-342
      global interpreter lock (GIL), 341
      re-entrant locks (RLock class), 347
logging errors, 136
logging module, 136-138
logical lines, 33
long type, 156
look before you leap (LBYL), 134
loop statements, else clause, 69
loops, optimizing, 486

M[ Top ]
Macintosh
      internationalization, 199
      Mac OS 9/Mac OS X, 18
      making .app files for, 676
      Python IDE, 26
      Python interpreter on, 23
MacPython, IDE included with, 26
mail protocol, 493
mailing lists, 10
main program, module loading and, 145
make utility, installing Python and, 14
mappings, 44
      special methods for, 110
markup, 575
marshal module, 278
marshaling, 278
match object, 210
math module, 365
mbcs codec (Windows), 199
membership testing, sequences, 54
memoization (in deep copies), 172-173
memory
      array type and, 375
      leaks, exposing, 333
      saving, _ _slots_ _ attribute, 102
      storing array object, 381
Menu class (Tkinter module), 423-424
Message class (email.Message module), 564-573
Message module, 564
      Message class, 564
metaclasses, 116-119
methods, 82, 85
      bound and unbound, 91-94
      class-level, 99-100
      of dictionaries, 60
      Java-visible, adding, 663
      of lists, 56-57
      per-instance, 103
      of sets, 58
      special, 104-115
      of strings, 186-191
      superclass, delegating to, 96-97
Microsoft Installer (MSI), 18
Microsoft .NET (see IronPython)
Microsoft SQL Server, 299
Microsoft web servers, installing Python CGI scripts on, 552
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), 561, 564
mimetools module, 573
minidom module, 599-609
MLab module, 403
mmap module, 360
mmap object, 360-364
mode attribute, 219
mode string, file objects, 217
mod_python, 558
Modules, 280
modules, 139-152
      DBAPI-compliant, 298
      installing, 647, 651, 653
      loading, 144-147, 159, 617
      module object, 139-142
            attributes, 141-143
      packages and, 149
modulo, ternary exponentiation-and-modulo, 165, 115
money-related computations, 372
Morsel class (Cookie module), 555
MSI (Microsoft Installer), 18
mssqldb module, 299
msvcrt module, 264
multiple inheritance, 133
multiple precision arithmetic (see gmpy module)
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME)
multiset (see defaultdict type)
multithreading (see threads)
mutable objects, 38
      shelve module and, 284
mx package, 306, 319
mx.DateTime module, 319-327
mxODBC module, 298
MySQLdb module, 299

N[ Top ]
name attribute, 219
named arguments in function calls, 74-75
names (see variables)
namespaces, functions, 76
nested functions, 77
network encodings, 561
Network News Transport Protocol (see NNTP)
network protocol modules
      client-side, 493, 503, 506, 511, 515, 516, 519
      server-side, 520, 528
newsgroups, 10
new-style classes, 104
NIST module, 327
NNTP class, 512-514
NNTP (Network News Transport Protocol), 493, 511
nntplib module, 493, 511-512
Node class (minidom module), 600-602, 608
None, 45
      returned by functions reaching end of body, 73
nonpure distributions, 667
nonsequential access, file objects, 218
numarray module, 378
numbers, 38
      complex, 40
      decimal, 372-373
      floating-point, 39, 365, 372
      integers, 39
      pseudorandom, 370
      returning absolute value of, 159
Numeric module, 378-402
      array object, 378-380
      blitz function, 646
      optional modules supplied by, 403
      ufuncs, 399
numeric operations, 52-53
      operator module, 368-369
      special methods for, 113-115

O[ Top ]
object models, 81
      classic, 82, 94
      new-style, 104
object type, 98, 156
object-oriented Python, 81
objects
      assigning, 172
      first-class, classes as, 82
      immutable, 38
      mutable, 38
      mutable/immutable, 284
      polymorphism, 222
      serializing/deserializing, 278
odbc module, 298
ODBC (Open DataBase Connectivity), 298
Open DataBase Connectivity (ODBC), 298
OpenDirector class, 502
operations, in-place, with Numeric ufuncs, 391
operators, 35, 50-58
      chaining of comparisons, 51
      numeric, 52-53
      operator module, 368-369
      precedence, 51
      on sequences, 54-58
      short-circuiting, 51
optimization, 451, 474
      benchmarking, 475
      developing Python applications, 474
      large-scale, 476, 478
      profiling, 480
      small-scale, 483-488
optional parameters of functions, 71
options, command-line, 23-24, 179
optparse module, 179-182
Oracle RDBMS, 299
org.python.core package, 661
os module, 240
      environ attribute, 354
      functions, 242-246
      path-string attributes, 241
      P_WAIT attribute, 357
      system function, 354
OSError, 240
os.path module, 246-249

P[ Top ]
packages, 149
parameters of functions, 71
parent widgets, 406, 420
parentheses (see ())
Parser module, 564
partial application, 175
pass statement, 69
passing arguments to functions, 74
PATH variable, python interpreter and, 22
path-string attributes, os module, 241
pdb module, 466
PEPs (Python Enhancement Proposals), 8
performance, 476
      arrays and, 375
      asyncore/asynchat modules, 558
      big-O notation and concepts, 476-479
      CGI scripts, 557
      DBM modules, 287
      extension modules, special-purpose, 5
      generator expressions, 78-79
      pickle/cPickle modules, 279
      slicing array object, 382
      threads, 340, 347
      Twisted package, 558
per-instance methods, 103
permissions of files, 242
persistence, 277
Personal Web Server (PWS), 552
PhotoImage class, 414
physical lines, 33
pickle module, 279-283
PIL (Python Imaging Library), 414
pipes, 340, 355-360
plain assignment statements, 47
polymorphism, 94, 98, 101
      to file objects, 222
      type checking and, 157
POP mailboxes, accessing, 503
POP3 class (poplib module), 504
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3), 503
      twisted.protocols package, 540
poplib module, 493, 503
portability
      distributing Python modules, 672
      extension modules and, 5
positional arguments to functions, 74-75
      when building dictionaries, 44
Post Office Protocol version 3 (see POP3)
PostgreSQL, 299
PowerArchiver, uncompressing/unpacking, 15
pprint module, 197
PrettyPrinter class, 197
print statement, 61, 256
printing, complicated data in readable format, 197
priority queue, 177
process environment, 353
processes, 340
Profile class, 480
profiling, 451
program termination, 169, 337-338
programming paradigms, ability to mix and match in Python, 81
prompt string, Python interactive sessions, 25
properties, 100-101, 156
      importance of, 101
      and inheritance, 101
protocol module (Twisted package), 540-543
pseudorandom numbers, 370
PSF (Python Software Foundation), 8
PSP (Python Server Pages), 559
      embedding Python code in HTML, 586
pstats module, 481
psycopg module, 299
PTL (Python Template Language), 560
pulldom module, 605-606
punctuation
      in regular expressions, 201
      in string formatting, 193-196
      in URLs, 494
      (see also Symbols)
pure distributions, 667
PWS (Personal Web Server), 552
.py. .pyc, and .pyo files, 28-29, 145
      _ _init_ _.py in packages, 149-150
      .pythonrc.py, 339
      setup.py file, 151, 614, 667, 673-675
py2exe tool, 675
PyApache, 558
Py_CompileString function (Python C API), 649
PyException Java exception, 661
PyObject Java object, 662
PyPy, 7
pyrex, 646, 650-654
pysqlite, 300-301
Python, 3, 141, 146, 616, 620
      compiling into Java, 662-664
      development, 8
      development environments, 26
      documentation, 10
      embedding/extending, 613
      extension modules, 5
      extensions, 614
      implementations, 5
      installing, 14
      interpreter, 22-25
      language, 3
      library, 5
      modules, 5
      newsgroups/mailing lists, 10
      object models, 81
      object-orientation, 81
      programming paradigms, 81
      programs, 28, 138
      resources, 9, 11
      SIGs, 11
      upgrades, overwriting customizations, 338
      versions, 8, 303, 462
Python 2.5, exception handling, 124
Python C API, extending CPython with, 614
      building/installing C-coded Python extensions, 614
Python Database API 2.0 standard (see DBAPI)
Python Enhancement Proposals (PEPs), 8
Python Imaging Library (PIL), 414
Python Server Pages (see PSP)
Python Template Language (PTL), 560
PYTHONHOME environment variable, 22
PythonInterpreter class (Jython API), 660
python.path option, 657
PYTHONPATH environment variable, 23, 144
PYTHONSTARTUP environment variable, 23, 339
pythonw interpreter, 29
PythonWin, 26
pytz module, 313
PyXML, 591

Q[ Top ]
QP encoding (Quoted Printable encoding), 562
Queue module, 342-343
      ideal threaded-program architecture, 350
Quixote, 560
quopri module, 562
Quoted Printable encoding (QP encoding), 562
quoted strings, 40

R[ Top ]
Radiobutton class (Tkinter module), 418
raise statement, 69, 128
raising to power (see exponentiation operators)
Random class, 370
random module, 370
raw strings, 42
RDBMS (relational database management system), 277
RDF (Resource Description Framework), 591
re module, 201-212
reactor object (Twisted package), 540-541
readline module, 258-260
ReadLine package for Windows, 25
rebinding, 46, 74
recursion, 80
RedHat Package Manager (RPM), installing Python from binaries, 19
references
      reference counting, C-coded extension modules, 620
      reference loops, 336
      weak, 336
reflection (see introspection)
regular expression object, 207-210
regular expressions, 201-212
      common idioms, 202
      groups, 204
      match object, 210
      matching versus searching, 206
      pattern-string syntax, 201
relational database management system (RDBMS), 277
Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs), 516
repetition, sequences, 54
repr module, 198
Resource Description Framework (RDF), 591
resources, 9
      PBF, 11
      print, 12
      Python Cookbook, 11
      Python Journal, 11
      Python on Windows, 292
      Python source code, 11
return statement, 73
reversing a sequence, 57-58, 156
rfc822 module, 573
RLock class (threading module), 344
RPCs (Remote Procedure Calls), 516
RPM (RedHat Package Manager), installing Python from binaries, 19

S[ Top ]
SAP DB, 299
SAX (Simple API for XML), 593
      parsing XHTML, 598
      parsing XML, 593
SAXException class (xml.sax package), 593
saxutils module, 597
Scale class (Tkinter module), 419
sched module, 316
SciTE, 27
scopes (see namespaces)
scripts, 28, 557
      CGI, 550, 557
      GUI, running standalone, 405
      setup.py, 667
Scrollbar class (Tkinter module), 419
SCXX library, 645
search path for modules, 144
searching for a regular expression, 210
security
      cookies and, 553
      cryptographic-quality pseudorandom numbers, 370
select module, 533
self parameter, 85, 91
Semaphore class (threading module), 344, 349, 358
sentinel, 98
sequences, 40-43, 53-58
      arrays, 375-378
      generators, 78-79
      indexing, 48, 50, 54-56, 380-381
      inserting into, 56-57
      iterables, 40
      iterators, 65-66, 183-185
      list comprehensions, 67
      list methods, 56-58
      slicing, 48, 50, 55-56, 381-383
      sorting, 57
      special methods for, 109
      string methods, 186-191
sequential access, file objects, 218
serialization, 277
      marshal module, 278
      pickle/cPickle modules, 279, 283
      shelve module, 284
ServerProxy class, xmlrpclib module, 518-519
servers, 493
      Apache, 552, 557
      custom Python, 558
      HTTP, 506, 530
      Internet, 528
      Microsoft web, installing Python CGI scripts on, 552
      SMTP, 505
      Telnet, 515
      web, subclassing BaseHTTPServer, 558
      Xitami, 553
      XML-RPC, 517
server-side web scripting, 545-560
      CGI, 545-553
      CherryPy, Django, Pylon, Turbogears, 559
      cookies, 553-557
      FastCGI, 557
      Quixote, 560
      web.py, 560
      Webware, 559
      WSGI, 558
servlets, Jython, 664
sets, 43, 58, 156
      special methods for, 110
setup.cfg file, 673
setup.py script, 151, 667
SGML (Standard General Markup Language), 575
sgmllib module, 576
SGMLParser class
      HTMLParser class, compared to, 583
      sgmllib module, 576
shallow copies, 55, 58, 60, 172
shelve module, 284
short-circuiting operators, 51
shutil module, 252
SIGs (Special Interest Groups), 11
Simple API for XML (see SAX)
Simple Mail Transport Protocol (see SMTP)
simple statements, 37-38
SimpleHTTPServer module, 530
SimpleXMLRPCServer module, 530
Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG), 646
site customization, 338
site module, 338
sitecustomize module, 199, 338
site.py file, 338
slicing, 48, 50, 55-56
      Numeric arrays, 380-381
      slice object, 110, 156
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol), 503-505
smtplib module, 493, 505
socket module, 521
      functions, 521
      socket class, 523
sockets, 520-528
      event-driven programming, 533-544
      methods, 523-525
      TCP and UDP, 525-527
      timeout behavior, 528
SocketServer module, 528
source code, installing Python from, 14-19
source files, 139
      as modules, 140
      Python modules in distribution utilities, 669
Source Navigator (Red Hat), 26
Special Interest Groups (SIGs), 11
special methods, 104-115
      for containers, 109
      general-purpose, 104
      for number objects, 113
Spyce, Cheetah and, 587
SQL (Structured Query Language), 277
SQLite (see pysqlite)
stack (in debugging), 462-470
      propagation of exceptions, 127-129
      stack level in warnings, 473-474
      stack traces (tracebacks), 125-127, 135-136, 455-456, 466
Standard General Markup Language (SGML), 575
standard input, error, output 171
      (see also stderr; stdin; stdout)
stat module, 249
statements
      assignment statements, 47-49
      break, 68
      compound statements, 38
      continue, 68
      control flow
            break, 68
            continue, 68
            for, 64-68
            if, 62
            pass, 69
            raise, 69
            try, 69
            while, 63
            with, 69
      def, 70
      del, 49
      expressions, 37
      for, 64-68
      if, 62
      pass, 69
      print, 61, 256
      raise, 69
      return, 73
      simple statements, 37
      terminating, 34
      try, 69
      while, 63
      with, 69
static methods, 99, 157
stderr, 136, 171, 256
stdin, 171
stdout, 171, 256
str, 157, 186, 273
      (see also strings)
string module, 191-193
      locale sensitivity, 192
StringIO module, 229
strings, 40-42, 186-191
      escape sequences, 41
      formatting, 193-197
      methods, 186-191
      mutable, 178
      optimizing operations on, 478
      raw-string syntax, 42
      regular expressions, 201-212
      as sequences, 53-55
      struct formats, 227
      template strings, 196
      triple-quoted syntax, 41
      Unicode, 198-200
struct module, 227-229
Structured Query Language (SQL), 277
subprocess module, 358-360
summing sequences of numbers, 167
subclass relationships, 83
superclass methods, delegating to, 96
      super type, 97, 157
SWIG (Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator), 646
sys module
      and error handling, 127, 133, 136
      and module loading, 144, 147
      stderr, stdin, stdout, 127, 136, 171
system testing, 452
SystemExit exception, 129

T[ Top ]
tags, HTML, 575-584
tar program, 15
tarfile module, 233-235
TCP echo servers, 525
TCPServer class, 528
Telnet class, 515-516
telnet protocol, 493, 515
telnetlib module, 357, 493, 515
tempfile module, 223
template strings, 196
terminating statements, 34
termination functions, 337
ternary operator, 51
TestCase class (unittest module), 459-460
test-first development, 452
testing, 451-461
text, filling, 197
Text class (Tkinter module), 426
text editors with Python support, 27
text input/output, 256
text wrapping, 197
Textpad class (curses module), 263
Thread class (threading module), 346
thread module, 341
threaded program architecture, 350-353
threading module, 344-349
ThreadingTCPServer class, 528
ThreadingUDPServer class, 528
threads, 341-353
      program architecture, 350-353
      synchronizing, 346-349
      thread safety, DBAPI, 293
timedelta class, datetime module, 312
timeit module, 484
timestamps, 307
      in databases, 295
      in logging, 138
time class, datetime module, 308
time module, 302-306
      time-tuple, 302
time zones, 313
tkFont module, 433
Tkinter events, 446-448
Tkinter module, 406
      attributes, 406
      Button class, 415
      Canvas class, 436
      Checkbutton class, 415
      Entry class, 416
      Event class, 446
      events, 446
      Frame class, 420
      geometry management, 442, 445
      Label class, 417
      Listbox class, 417
      Menu class, 423
      Radiobutton class, 418
      Scale class, 419
      Scrollbar class, 419
      Text class, 426
      Toplevel class, 420
      variable object, 413
      widgets supplied by, 409, 415
tokens, 35-37
toolkits, 405
Toplevel class (Tkinter module), 420
traceback messages, 121
traceback module, 466
tracebacklimit attribute, 171
transport object (Twisted package), 542
troubleshooting
      error-specific information, 129
      memory leaks, 333
      (see also debugging)
True, 45
truncating division, 52
truth values (evaluation), 45
try statement, 69
      exception handling, 121-123, 135
tuples, 42, 157
      in string formatting, 195
      sequence operations, 55
TurboGears, 559
Twisted package, 533-541
      performance characteristics, 558
two's complement, 53
type checking, 157
type codes in arrays, 375
type type, 117, 157, 332
types
      built-in, 154-158
      defining new with C-coded Python extensions, 638
      internal, 331
types module, 332

U[ Top ]
UDP echo servers, 527
UDPServer class, 528
ufuncs (universal functions), Numeric module, 399-400
unbound methods, 91
Unicode strings, 198-201
      character database, 200
      codecs module, 199
      converting strings to, 198
      literals, 42
      Tkinter and, 406
unicodedata module, 200
Uniform Resource Locators (see URLs)
unittest module, 457-461
      using large amounts of data, 461
universal functions (ufuncs), Numeroc module, 399
universal newlines (reading textfiles), 218
Unix
      dbm module, 287
      installing Python from source, 17
      mmap function, 361
      Python IDEs, 26
      running Python scripts, 29
Unix-to-Unix (UU) encoding, 563
URL-based file-like objects, 497
urllib module, 493-498
urllib2 module, 493, 498-502
urlparse module, 493
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), 493
      access to network protocols, 493
      authentication, 502
      reading data from, 495
Usenet News, 511
user customization, 339
user input, errors depending on, 136
user module, 339
UserDict module, 178
UserList module, 178
UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), 302
Utils module (email package), 570
uu module, 563
UU (Unix-to-Unix) encoding, 563

V[ Top ]
variables, 46
      binding, 46
      built-in, 138
      class-private, 85
      global, thread synchronization and, 346
      identifiers, 35
      module-private, 142
vim program, 27
Visual C++ (Visual Studio), 15-16, 27
Visual Studio .NET IDE, 27

W[ Top ]
W3C (World Wide Web Consortium), 591
warnings module, 471-473
WConio module, 265
weakref module, 333-336
web servers, subclassing BaseHTTPServer, 558
web.py, 560
Webware, 559, 586
whichdb module, 287
while statement, 63
      else clause, 69
whitespace
      check is string is all whitespace, 192
      indentation, 34
      separates tokens, 35
      splitting strings, 189
Widget class (Tkinter module), 408, 411-412, 443-445
widgets, 405, 408
      canvas, 436, 438, 440
      checkboxes, 415
      child/parent, 420
      color options, 409
      container, 420
      length options, 410
      listboxes, 417
      menus, 423, 425
      pushbuttons, 415
      radiobuttons, 418
      scrollbars, 419
      text, 426, 428, 432
      text entry fields, 416
      Tkinter module, 415
win32all package, 646
Windows
      applications, embedding/extending Python with COM, 646
      CGI scripting on, 549
      installing Python from binaries, 19
      installing Python from source, 15
      IronPython, 6
      keys into os.environ, 354
      mbcs codec, 199
      mmap function, 361
      py2exe tool, 675
      Python scripts, 29
      resource for further information, 292
Wing IDE, 27
WinZip program, 15
with statement (Python 2.5), 69, 125
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 591
wrapping text, 197
WSGI, 558
wxWindows toolkit, 26

X[ Top ]
XHTML, 575
      changing/outputting with minidom, 609
      parsing, 583, 598, 605
Xitami servers, installing Python CGI scripts on, 553
XML (eXtensible Markup Language), 591
      generating, 606
      parsing, 592, 599
xml package, 591
xml.dom package, 599
XMLGenerator class (saxutils module), 597
XML-RPC, 493, 516, 519
      xmlrpclib module, 517
XML-RPC servers, 517, 531
xmlrpclib module, 517
xml.sax package, 593-597
XPath, 591
xrange type, 158
XSLT, 591

Y[ Top ]
yield statement (generators), 76

Z[ Top ]
ZIP files, importing from, 144, 148
zipfile module, 235-239
zlib module, 239
Zope, 557