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Symbols[ Top ]
<&= and <& open modes, 262
@_ array, 374
-> (arrow) operator, 408
||= (assignment) operator, 10
* (asterisk)
      mail headers, 750
      storing filehandles, 255-258
@ (at sign)
      references to arrays, 413
      splice( ), 134
\ (backslash)
      comments in regular expressions, 190
      creating arrays, 421
      creating references, 409
      escaping characters, 41
      references to arrays, 414
      references to scalars, 420
` (backtick)
      expanding, 34
      gathering program output, 630
      operator, 780
: (colon)
      mail headers, 750
      module names, 446
      package names, 444
, (comma)
      in numbers, 84
      printing lists with, 113-114
$ (dollar sign)
      hashes, 150
. (dot)
      . . and . . . (range) operators, 199
      period in numbers, 84
" (double quote), 2
      escaping, 568
/ (forward slash)
      root directory, 346
-> (infix) notation, 408
< (left angle bracket)
      access mode, 245
- (minus)
      modifiers and, 224
<=> numerical comparison operator, 138
&& operator, 10
-> operator, 501
=> operator, 151
=~ operator, 8
|| operator
      or operator vs., 12
      separating multiple comparisons, 140
% (percent sign)
      hashes, 150
# (pound sign)
      with printf( ), 84
> (right angle bracket)
      access mode, 245
' (single quote), 2
      escaping, 568
~ (tilde)
      in filenames, expanding, 253
_ (underscore)
      file stat cache, 348
$/ variable, 302
$; variable, 356
$_ variable
      accidental clobbering, 121
      outlawing unauthorized use, 543-545
$| variable, 247, 281
< > (angle brackets), 3
      globbing, 358
      line input operator, 270
      reading string from binary file, 324
      TCP, communicating over, 686
{ } (curly braces), 3
{ } curly braces
      creating references, 409
[ ] (square brackets), 3
[ ] square brackets
      creating references, 409
( ) (parentheses), 3
      autouse pragma, 455
      comments in regular expressions, 191
      prototyping functions, 389
      substitution, 185

Numbers[ Top ]
-0 command-line option, 302
$1, $2, . . . (backreferences), 184
      finding doubled words, 215

A[ Top ]
-a command-line option
      writing filters, 272
"a" for terminal bell, 598
abbrev( ), 227
abbreviations, matching, 226-228
accept( ), 685
access log, 767
access to database (see database access)
access_log files:access log, 823
addresses, email, matching, 224
adist( ), 51
advisory locking, 279
alarm, ringing, 598
alarm( ), 104, 670
Alias module, 513
aliases
      for filehandles, 263-265
      for functions, 397
      for list elements, 121
American Standard Code for Information Interchange (see ASCII)
AND functionality in regular expressions, 220-224
angle brackets (< >), 3, 358
      line input operator, 270
      reading string from binary file, 324
      TCP, communicating over, 686
angles
      in degrees vs. radians, 76
anonymous data, 409
Apache web server
      code handlers, ??-843
      handlers, 841-??
      phases of request-response transaction, 843
      (see also mod_perl)
Apache::Cookie module, 847
      accessing values, 849
Apache;log files, 823
Apache::PerlRun module, 841
Apache::Registry module, 841
appendhash_demo program, 545
appending arrays to each other, 130
approximate matching, 209
arguments, subroutine, 374-376
      function prototypes, 388-391
      passing by named parameter, 383
      passing by reference, 381
ARGV line input operator, 245
ARGV, magic (see magic open)
arithmetic
      complex (imaginary) numbers, 82
      matrix multiplication, 80-81
$#ARRAY variable, 115
arrays, 110-149
      anonymous, 409
      appending multiple, 130
      changing size of, 115-116
      circular, 143
      extracting
            particular elements, 124-125
            particular subsets, 136
      hashes of, 415
      initializing, 111
            with comma-separated values, 111
      iterating
            over by reference, 122
            through all elements, 119-122, 134-136
      last valid index ($#ARRAY), 115
      lists vs., 110
      matrix multiplication, 80-81
      multidimensional, 111
      of scalar references, 421
      permute program, 146-149
      printing elements with commas, 113-114
      processing multiple elements, 132
      randomizing, 144
      randomly selecting from, 71
      reading files backwards, 310-312
      references to, 413-415
      reversing elements of, 131
      sorting
            by computable field, 139-143
            elements numerically, 138
      sparse, implementing, 117-119
      treating files as, 331
      unions, intersections, differences, 126
      words program, 144-146
arrow (->) operator, 408
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), 4
ASCII characters (see characters)
assignment (||=) operator, 10
assignment, list, 13
associate arrays (see hashes)
asterisk (*)
      mail headers, 750
      storing filehandles, 255-258
at sign (@)
      references to arrays, 413
      splice( ), 134
atime field, 347
attach( ), 749
attributes, object, 511-514
Authen::SASL module, 747
authentication
      with mod_perl, 846
autoflush( ), 281, 648
AUTOLOAD
      trapping undefining function calls, 399
AUTOLOAD mechanism, 503
      generating methods, 531-533
AutoLoader module, 469
autouse pragma, 455
autovivification, 409

B[ Top ]
backreferences ($1, $2, . . .), 184
      finding doubled words, 215
backslash (\)
      comments in regular expressions, 190
      creating arrays, 421
      creating references, 409
      escaping characters, 41
      passing arrays/hashes by references, 381
      references to arrays, 414
      references to scalars, 420
backsniff program, 721
backtick (`)
      gathering program output, 630
      operator, 780
backtick (`)
      expanding, 34
backtracking
      finding doubled words, 217
      in pattern matching, 182
bad hyperlinks, finding, 815
bake( ), 848
base class, 506
      empty base class test, 528
basename( )
      filenames
            splitting, 365
=begin pod directive, 490
bell, ringing, 598
Berkeley DB library, 552
bgets program, 324
biased random numbers, generating, 74-76
bidirectional clients, 699-701
binary files
      processing, 320
      reading strings from, 324
binary numbers
      converting, 83
binary tree structures, 441
binary trees program, 441
bind( )
      LDAP server, 747
binding, 572
binmode( ), 304, 321
bless( ), 500, 508
blessing, 500
blocking file access, 279-281
      netlock program, 291-294
      reading a line from a filehandle without, 289
      region-specific locks, 294-299
blocking signals, 668
blocking( ), 241
Boolean connectives in patterns, 220-224
browsers
      redirecting, 785-787
B-tree implementation, 559
buffered input/output, 247, 282, 305
      controlling for other programs, 643
      socket programming and, 687
building
      modules from CPAN, 490-493
bytes
      unread, determining number of, 285-287
bytes layer, 304

C[ Top ]
-C command-line switch, 337
%c format, 14
C, writing modules in, 484-487
cacheout( ), 259
caching
      open filehandles, 259
calc_new_date( ), 96
calc_new_date_time( ), 96
calculating
      prime numbers, 87
caller( ), 459
      names of subroutines, 380
can( ), 524
      generating methods, 533
can_read( ), 290
capitalization
      case-insensitive hashes, 546
      converting between cases, 29
      honoring locale when matching, 207
      of titles/headlines, 31-33
Carp module, 474
carriage returns (see line breaks; whitespace)
cascade menu entries, 611
case
      honoring locale when matching, 207
case sensitivity
      capitalizing titles/headlines, 31-33
      converting case, 29
cbreak mode, 597
CDATA, 879
ceil( ), 65
CGI programming, 765-801
      chemiserie program, 796-801
      cookies, 789-791
      debugging raw HTTP exchange, 787
      fixing 500 server errors, 773-776
      HTTP methods, 767, 770
      multiscreen scripts, 792-795
      performance, 841
            (see also mod_perl)
      redirecting browsers, 785-787
      redirecting error messages, 771
      saving/mailing HTML forms, 795
      security and, 768, 776-779
            executing user commands, 780-782
      sticky widgets, 791
      writing scripts, 769-771
CGI programming;improving efficiency of, 860
CGI::Carp module, 772
      sending errors/warnings to browser/file, 775
CGI::Cookie module, 848
      accessing cookie values, 849
CGI.pm module, 766
      creating sticky widgets, 791
      HTML helper functions, 782
      managing cookies, 789-??, 789, ??-791
      writing CGI scripts, 770
changed web pages, links in, 817
characters
      converting case, 29
      converting with values, 13-15
      escaping, 41
      matching
            letters, 186-188
      parsing command-line arguments, 589-591
      processing individually, 17-19
      reversing, 19
      text color, changing, 595
characters;converting ASCII to/from HTML, 811
charnames::viacode( ), 16
charnames::vianame( ), 16
checkbutton menu entries, 610
chemiserie program, 796-801
chr( ), 14
circular data structures, 533-536
circular lists, 143
class attributes, 514-516
class data
      circular data structures, 533-536
      managing, 514-516
class methods, 502, 506, 514
$class variable, 520
classes, 500
      accessing overridden methods, 529-531
      as structs, 516-520
      determining subclass membership, 525
      generating methods with AUTOLOAD, 503, 531-533
      inheritance, 503, 527
Class::Struct, 517
Class::Struct module, 516
cleaning up modules, 461-463
clear command, 593
clearerr( ), 312
clients
      bidirectional, 699-701
      FTP, 732-735
      TCP, 681-683
      UDP, setting up, 689-691
clobbering values, 13
cloning parent objects, 520
close( )
      file locks, 280
      filehandles, 246
closedir( ), 350
closing
      file descriptors, 262
closures, 401, 419, 480
      as objects, 423-424
cmp operator, 138
cmp( ), 138
code handlers, ??-843
code points, Unicode, 5
code size, library, 553
colon (:)
      mail headers, 750
      module names, 446
      package names, 444
color of text, changing, 595
color( ), 595
colored( ), 595
columns
      arranging du command output, 174-178
      outputting text in, 144-146
      parsing data by, 9
      wrapping paragraphs by, 39-41
comma (,)
      in numbers, 84
      printing lists with, 113-114
command entry, menu items, 610
command interpreters, 42
command-line arguments
      Boolean connectives in patterns, 220
command-line arguments, parsing, 589-591
comma-separated values
      initializing arrays with, 111
      parsing, 44-48
      reading records from, 198
comments
      in regular expressions, 189-192
      pod documentation for modules, 488-490
commify( ), 85
commify_series program, 113
commit( )
      using transactions, 575
Common Log Format standard, 824
compare( ), 338
comparing
      contents of two files, 338
      filehandles, 339
      floating-point numbers, 67
            currency, 68
      hashes for keys, 169
complex numbers, 82
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (see CPAN)
compressing tabs, 25
confess( ), 474
Config module, 658
configuration files
      Boolean connectives in patterns, 220
configuration files, reading, 326
Configure event, Tk, 615
connect( )
      LDAP server, 747
constant variables, 48-49
constructors, 501, 507-??, 508, ??-509
      accessing overridden methods, 529-531
      cloning parent objects, 520
continuation characters, reading data with, 306
conventions, xxviii-xxx
converting
      binary, octal, and hexadecimal numbers, 83
      character case, 29
      characters and values, 13-15
      date/time to/from Epoch seconds, 94-96
      DBM files, 556-558
      degrees and radians, 76
      Microsoft files to Unicode, 336-338
      numbers and Roman numerals, 70
      pod into other languages, 489
      shell wildcards for regular expression matching, 202
      strings
            between characters and values, 13-15
            case of, 29
            non-numeric, 59
converting;ASCII to/from HTML, 811
cookies, 789-791
      accessing values
            with mod_perl, 849
      setting
            in mod_perl, 847
copy constructors, 521-523
copy( )
      files/directories, 354
copying
      data structures, 431
      directory trees, 369
      filehandles, 263-265
      files, 354
      parent objects, 520
      surface vs. deep copies, 431
cos( ), 78
counting lines in files, 307-309
CPAN
      building/installing modules from, 490-493
      registering as developer, 467
CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network), 449
CPANPLUS module, 493, 498
creating
      charts, 617, 625
      magic variables, 542-549
      menus with Tk toolkit, 609-612
      processes, 628
      references to methods, 424
      temporary files, 265-266
crlf layer, 304, 321
croak( ), 474
CSV files
      querying with SQL, 579
      saving SQL query results to, 564
ctime field, 347
Ctrl-C, catching, 665
curly braces ({ }), 3
      creating references, 409
currency
      comparing floating-point numbers, 68
Curses module, 605
curses toolkit, 588
customizing
      warnings, 476-479
Cwd module, 471

D[ Top ]
-d file test operator, 360
daemon servers, 673, 714
data, relationships between, 173
      (see also variables)
data structures
      binary trees, 441
      circular, copying with, using weak references, 435-438
      copying, 431
      outlines, 438-441
      printing, 429-431
      storing to disk, 432
      transparently persistent, 434
_ _DATA_ _ token, 266
data types
      circular data structures, 533-536
      classes as structs, 516-520
database access, 551-585
      converting between DBM files, 556-558
      DBM files
            merging, 558
            sorting, 559-560
            storing complex data in, 561-562
      dealing with errors, 569-571
      emptying DBM files, 555
      ggh program, 582-585
      making DBM files, 553-555
      persistent data, 562-565
      SQL queries, 565-568
            building programmatically, 573
            finding number of rows returned by, 574
            formatting results of, 784
            querying CSV files, 579
            repeating efficiently, 571-573
            saving results to Excel or CSV, 564
            without database server, 580
      using transactions, 575
      viewing data one page at a time, 577-578
database queries
      formatting results of, 784
Data::Dumper module, 429
datagram sockets, 690
Date::Calc module, 96, 99
DateCalc( ), 107
Date::DateCalc module, 92
Date::Manip module, 92, 100, 107
date/time values, 90-109
      arithmetic with, 96
      converting to/from Epoch seconds, 94-96
      Date::DateCalc, 96, 97
      Date::Manip, 102
      Date::Manip module, 107
      days, calculating, 99
            number of days between two dates, 97
      file access timestamps, 351
      high-resolution timers, 103
      hopdelta program, 106-109
      parsing information from strings, 100
      printing, 101
      seconds passed since Epoch, 91
      sleeps, 105
      sorting mail by, 405
      Time::gmtime module, 95
      Time::HiRes, 103
      Time::Local module, 94
      Time::timelocal, 95
      timing out operations, 669
      today's date, 92-94
      years, 91
day, month, year, hour, minute, seconds (see DMYHMS)
Day_of_week( ), 99
Day_of_Year( ), 99
days (see date/time values)
db2gdbm program, 556
DBD module, 565
DBD::CSV module, 579
DBD::SQLite module, 553, 580
DB_File module, 316, 434
      sorting large DBM files, 559
DBI module, 565
DBIx::Dump module, 564
DBM files
      complex data in, 561-562
      converting between, 556-558
      emptying, 555
      GDBM files, 556
      making/using, 553-555
      merging, 558
      sorting, 559-560
DBM libraries, 551
DB_RECNO access method, 316
dclone( ), 431, 522
debugging
      CGI script errors, 767
      CGI scripts, 774
      raw HTTP exchange, 787
deep copies, 431
default string values, 10-12
defined operator, 10
definedness, 2, 10
deg2rad( ), 77
delaying module loading, 453-455
delete( ), 156
      compared to undef( ) (example), 156
      multiple hash key values, 163
deleting
      clearing the screen, 593
      directories and their contents, 362-363
      DOS shell window, 616
      emptying DBM files, 555
      files, 353
            last line of, 319
      hash elements, 156
      selected subroutine return values, 385
      whitespace at string ends, 43-44
deleting;HTML tags from strings, 813
delimiters, 3
Delta_Days( ), 98
Delta_DHMS( ), 98
dequote( ), 37
dereferencing (see references)
destructors, 502, 509-511
Devel::Peek module, 436
diacritics, 21
      converting case and, 30
dialog boxes with Tk toolkit, 612
DialogBox widget, Tk, 612
die function, 391
_ _DIE_ _ signal, 661
differences of lists, 126
      computing, 128-130
      simple/symmetric, 130
directories, 346-372
      copying/moving files, 354
      deleting, 362-363
      deleting files, 353
      multiple names for same file, 355
      of modules, 463-466
      parsing filenames, 365
      processing all files in, 356-358
            recursively, 359-361
      recursively duplicating, 369
      renaming files, 363
      sorting contents of, 350, 370-372
      timestamps, 351
directory handles, 351
dirname( )
      filenames
            splitting, 365
disk usage, library, 553
Distinguished Name (DN), 747
DMYHMS (day, month, year, hour, minute, seconds), 91
DMYHMS values (see date/time values)
DN (Distinguished Name), 747
DNS lookups, 729-732
do operator, 373
do( )
      configuration files, reading, 327
      finding number of rows returned by SQL queries, 574
documentation conventions, xxix
dollar sign ($)
      hashes, 150
domains
      for sockets, 679
DOS shell window, removing, 616
dot (.)
      . . and . . . (range) operators, 199
      periods in numbers, 84
double
      words, finding, 215-218
double quote ("), 2
      escaping, 568
du command, sorting output of, 174-178
Dump( ), 436
Dumpvalue module, 161
duplicate
      list elements, extracting, 124-125
dutree program, 174-178
dynamic scoping, 395

E[ Top ]
-e command-line option
      writing filters, 273
\E string metacharacter, 42
, 27
/e substitution modifier, 27, 183
each( ), 158
      hashes
            merging, 168
            ordering elements of, 161
            traversing, 159
eager pattern matching, 181
echo and password input, 602
editing files (see file contents)
editing input, 603
/ee substitution modifier, 27
elements of arrays (see arrays)
elements of hashes (see hashes)
email
      attachments
            extracting, 753
            sending, 749-752
      matching valid addresses, 224
      random signatures, 672-677
      reading with POP3, 740-742
      sending, 735-737
      sending HTML forms via, 795
      sorting, 404-406
      tracking time path of, 106-109
Email::Valid module, 226
empty base class test, 528
empty strings (""), 2
Encode module, 334
=end pod directive, 490
_ _END_ _ token, 266
environment variables
      MHCONTEXTFD, 263
      PERL_UNICODE, 338
Epoch (see date/time values)
error log, 767
errors
      500 server in CGI scripts, fixing, 773-776
      CGI scripts, 767
      controlling for other programs, 644-647
      database, 569-571
      exceptions in subroutines, 391-393
      reading STDERR from programs, 640-643
      redirecting messages from CGI scripts, 771
      reporting filenames in, 254
      reporting like built-ins, 474-476
      returning failure from subroutines, 387
      trapping in require/use statements, 452
      trapping undefined function calls, 399
      turning signals into, 671
errors;web server error log, 825
escaping characters, 41
eval( )
      in substitution, 28, 183
      with require/use statement, 452
events, Tk resize, 615
Excel
      saving SQL query results to, 564
exceptions
      handling in subroutines, 391-393
      trapping undefined function calls, 399
exclusive locks, 279
exec( )
      replacing programs, 634
      shell escapes, 780
exists( ), 153
      multiple hash key values, 163
expanding
      tabs, 25
      variables in user input, 27-29
Expect, controlling programs with, 607
Expect module, 607
expn program, 761
@EXPORT array (use pragma), 450
Exporter module, 447, 449-451
exporting
      to modules, 446-448
@EXPORT_OK array (use pragma), 451
@EXPORT_TAGS array (use pragma), 451
expressions
      interpolating within strings, 33-35
extension modules
      C, building, 487
extract_bracketed( )
      matching nested patterns, 218
extracting from arrays (see arrays)
extracting URLs from HTML, 808

F[ Top ]
factorial( ), 148
failure
      returning from subroutines, 387
false strings, 2
fcntl( )
      return values, 387
FETCH( ), 542
fetching URLs from Perl scripts, 804
<FH> line input operator, 245, 301
FIFOs (named pipes), 652-655
file access, 239-299
      access modes, 244-247
      caching open filehandles, 259
      copying filehandles, 263-265
      copying/moving files, 354
      editing files (see file contents)
      filehandles, 239-242
            reading a line from, without blocking, 289
      filtering filename input, 270-274
            command-line options, 272-274
      flushing output, 281-284
      locking files, 279-281
            netlock program, 291-294
            region-specific locks, 294-299
      nonblocking I/O, 284
      opening/closing file descriptors, 262
      printing to multiple filehandles, 260
      processing all files in directories, 356-358
            recursively, 359-361
      reading from multiple filehandles, 287-289
      standard filehandles, 242-244
      storing files in program text, 266
      timestamps, 351
      unread bytes, determining number of, 285-287
      (see also directories; file contents)
file access modes, 249
file contents, 300-345
      adding records to wtmp file, 340
      comparing two files, 338
      configuration files, reading, 326
      continually growing files, reading, 312-314
      converting Microsoft files to Unicode, 336-338
      counting lines/paragraphs/records, 307-309
      extracting single line, 316-318
      fixed-length records, 304
            reading, 325
      I/O layers, 303
      modifying
            with -i switch, 276-277
            with temporary files, 274
            without temporary files, 277
      processing all words in, 309
      processing binary files, 320
      random access
            updating, 322
      random access I/O, 321
      random lines from, selecting, 314
      randomizing line order, 315
      reading
            backwards, 310-312
            lines with continuation characters, 306
            strings from binary files, 324
      reading/writing hash records to file, 428
      reading/writing Unicode from filehandles, 333-336
      setting default I/O layers, 333
      tctee program, 341
      testing for trustworthiness, 329-331
      treating
            files as arrays, 331
            strings as files, 339
      variable-length text fields, 318
      viewing lastlog file information, 342
      (see also directories; file access)
file descriptors, opening/closing, 262
file extensions, 448
_ _FILE_ _ symbol, 380
File::Basename module, 365
FileCache module, 259
File::chmod module, 368
File::Compare module, 338
File::Copy module, 354
File::Find module, 360
      directories
            removing recursively, 362
File::Glob module, 253
filehandles, 239-242
      autovivified, 255
      caching open filehandles, 259
      comparing, 339
      copying, 263-265
      local, 394
      nonblocking I/O, 284
      passing, 394, 461
      printing to multiple simultaneously, 260
      reading
            a line from, without blocking, 289
            from many, 287-289
      reading/writing Unicode from, 333-336
      reporting filenames in errors, 254
      seek offset, 245
      standard, 242-244
      storing in variables, 255-258
      tied, 542-??, 548, ??-549
      using filename as, 254
File::KGlob module, 203
File::LockDir module, 292
filenames
      expanding tildes in, 253
      filtering as input, 270-274
            command-line options, 272-274
      matching with patterns, 358-359
      multiple, for same file, 355
      parsing, 365
      renaming, 363
      reporting in errors, 254
      sorting, 350, 370-372
      unusual, opening files with, 251-252
      using as filehandle, 254
File::NFSLock module, 280
fileparse( ), 366
File::Path module, 362
files
      binary, 320
            reading strings from, 324
      comparing file contents, 338
      configuration, reading, 326
      creating temporary, 265-266
      deleting, 353
            last line of, 319
      locking, 279-281
            netlock program, 291-294
      Microsoft
            converting to Unicode, 336-338
      opening, 247-251
      processing all in directories, 356-358
      random-access, updating, 322
      storing in program text, 266
      treating
            as arrays, 331
      treating strings as, 339
      with unusual filenames, opening, 251-252
File::stat module, 313, 348
filesystem (see directories)
File::Temp module, 265
filtering filenames as input, 270-274
      command-line options, 272-274
filtering output, 637
FindBin module, 465
finddepth( ), 362
finding
      most common anything, 172
      patterns (see pattern matching, regular expressions)
      versions/descriptions of modules, ??-498
FIONREAD call, 286
firewalls, connecting through, 722-726
fixed-length records, 304
      reading, 325
fixed-width records
      index of
            program of, 343-345
FixNum class, 539-541
fixstyle program, 52-55
flat file index program, 343-345
flattened lists, 111
floating-point numbers, 59
      comparing, 67
      rounding, 63-66
flock( ), 279
      compared to SysV lockf( ), 281
floor( ), 65
flushing output, 281-284
fmt program, 40
fnctl( )
      locking files, 281
folded_demo program, 546
fonts
      Unicode, support for, 337
foodfind program, 165
=for escape pod directive, 489
foreach loop
      printing to multiple filehandles, 260
      renaming files, 363
      traversing hashes, 158
foreach( ), 134
fork( ), 647
      avoiding zombie processes, 666-668
      closing sockets after, 698
      forking servers, 701
      nonforking servers, 705-709
      preforking servers, 702-705
      shell escapes, 780
      (see also processes)
forms, HTML, 768
      saving/emailing, 795
      sticky widgets, 791
forms (HTML);submitting, 807
forward slash (/)
      root directory, 346
Frame widget, Tk, 609
fresh hyperlinks, finding, 817
FTP clients, 732-735
full-screen mode, 587
functions
      interpolating within strings, 33-35
      methods vs., 528
      private for variables, 458
      references to, 417-420
      types of, 8
fuzzy matching, 209
fwdport program, 722-726

G[ Top ]
G anchor, 210
/g pattern-matching modifier, 183
      finding Nth matches, 192
      matching where last pattern ended, 210
garbage collection, 510
      circular data structures and, 533-536
gaussian_rand( ), 74
GD module, 619
GDBM file
      db2gdbm program, 556
GDBM files, 552
GDBM_File module, 434
GD::Graph::* modules, 617
GD::Graph::Bars module, 625
generic classes, 506
get( ) (LWP::Simple), 804
GET method, 767, 770
gethostbyaddr( ), 696
gethostbyname( ), 696
      finding IP addresses, 729
getitimer( ), 104
getline( ), 257
getopt( ), 589
GetOptions( ), 590
Getopt::Long module, 589, 590
getopts( ), 590
Getopt::Std module, 589, 590
getpeername( ), 713, 721
getprotobyname( ), 680
getsocketname( ), 721
getsockname( ), 713
GetTerminalSize( ), 594
gettimeofday( ), 103
ggh program, 582-585
glob keyword, 358
glob( ), 253
global values, saving, 393-??
globbing (see pattern matching)
gmtime( ), 92, 95, 101
      Time::localtime/Time::gmtime, 92
      today's date, 93
graphbox program, 625
graphical user interfaces (see GUIs)
greedy pattern matching, 181
      nongreedy pattern matching vs., 212-215
grep program (Unix)
      Perl rewrite of, 229
grep( )
      extracting array subsets, 137
group( )
      Usenet news messages, 739
GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 587

H[ Top ]
h2ph tool
      translating #include files, 481-484
h2xs tool, 466
      loading modules, 469
      making a module with C code, 484-487
handlers, 841-??
handlers (see code handlers)
handles (see filehandles)
handling signals (see signals)
hard links, 351
hashes, 125, 150-178
      adding elements to, 152, 390
      anonymous, 409
      arrays and, 151
      as records, 412
      comparing for keys, 169
      counting how often something appears, 172
      deleting elements of, 156
      dutree program, 174-178
      finding most common anything, 172
      for list unions, intersections, differences, 127
      initializing, 151
      inverting, 164
      lookups by key or value, 547
      merging, 167
      multiple values per key, 162
      of arrays, 415
      presizing, 171
      printing, 160
      reading/writing records to file, 428
      references as elements, 170
      references to, 416
      representing data relationships, 173
      representing relationships between data, 173
      retrieving in insertion order, 161
      slices of, 127
      sorting elements, 166
      testing for keys, 153-154
      ties for, 545
      traversing, 157-159
hash-list equivalence, 151
head( ) (LWP::Simple), 815
HEAD method, 767
help
      documentation conventions, xxix
      mod_perl documentation, 844
      Perl references, xxvi-xxviii
      pod documentation for modules, 488-490
            sorting =head1 sections, 622-625
      web references, 768
here documents, 2
      indenting, 35-38
hex( ), 83
hexadecimal numbers
      converting, 83
hidden( )
      generating sticky hidden fields, 793
high-resolution timers, 103
history.db file, grepping, 582-585
hopdelta program, 106-109
hostnames
      identifying at socket end, 695
      obtaining your own, 697
HotKey module, 600
hours (see date/time values)
hpush( ), 390
HREF fields, substitutions for, 838
hrefsub program (example), 838
HTML
      putting links around URLs, 228
HTML forms, 768
      saving/mailing, 795
      sticky widgets, 791
HTML forms;automating submission, 807
HTML shortcuts
      formatting lists/tables with, 782-784
HTML;converting ASCII to/from, 811
HTML::Entities module, 811
HTML;extracting tags, 813
HTML;extracting URLs from, 808
HTML;finding stale/fresh links, 815
HTML::FormatText module, 812
HTML::LinkExtor module, 808
htmlsub program (example), 837
HTML;templates, 818
HTML;text substitutions, 837
HTTP methods, 767, 770
HTTP::Response module, 805
hyperlinks;stale/fresh, 815

I[ Top ]
-I command-line switch, 463
-i command-line option
      modifying files with, 276
      writing filters, 272
/i pattern-matching modifier, 182
idempotency, 767
If-Modified-Since header, 822
Image::Magick module, 618
images
      adding text to, 619
      thumbnailing, 618
imaginary numbers, 82
implementing
      sparse arrays, 117-119
importing
      from modules, 397, 446
INADDR_ANY, 683, 713
@INC array, 463
#include header, translating with h2ph, 481-484
indents (see whitespace)
indexes
      fixed-width records
            program of, 343-345
indices of hash elements, 151
indirect notation, 504-506
indirect object notation, 257
inet_aton( )
      finding IP addresses, 729
inet_ntoa( ), 681
infix (->) notation, 408
inheritance, 503, 527
initializers (see constructors)
initializing
      arrays/lists, 111
      hashes, 151
      modules, 461-463
Inline::C module, 487
inner( ), 401
inode structure, 347
input
      comma-separated, parsing, 44-48
      controlling for other programs, 643, 644-647
      editing, 603
      executing shell commands from, 780-782
      expanding variables in, 27-29
      Expect-controlled programs and, 609
      extracting variable-length fields, 318
      from HTML forms (see CGI programming)
      line input operator, 245, 301
      managing multiple streams, 718-721
      parsing command-line arguments, 589-591
      preprocessing, 639
      random-access I/O, 321
      reading from keyboard, 596
      reading from other programs, 635-637
      reading passwords, 602
      reading records with pattern separators, 198
      reading STDERR from programs, 640-643
      waiting, checking for, 601
installing
      modules from CPAN, 490-493
      signal handlers, 660
instance data
      circular data structures, 533-536
      managing, 511-514
instance methods, 502, 506
int( ), 65
integers
      integer truncation, 66
      (see also numbers)
interactivity, testing for, 591
internationalization
      localization
            first week of the year, 100
      Unicode, 5
Internet
      protocols, 727
Internet domain sockets, 679
Internet services, 727-763
      accessing LDAP server, 747
      DNS lookups, 729-732
      expn and vrfy programs, 761
      FTP client, 732-735
      mail (see email)
      pinging machines, 744
      remote procedure calls, 728
      simulating telnet connection, 743
      SOAP client, 758
      SOAP server, 757
      Usenet news, 738-740
      XML-RPC client, 756
      XML-RPC server, 755
intersections on lists, 126, 128-130
inverting hashes, 164
invocant, 501
I/O layers, 247, 283, 303
      bytes, 304
      crlf, 304, 321
      raw, 304, 321
      reading/writing Unicode from filehandles, 334
      scalars, 340
      setting default, 333
      stdio, 247, 264
      unix, 247, 283
      utf8, 304
I/O operations
      access modes, 244-247
      buffering, 247, 282, 305, 687
      controlling for other programs, 643
      flushing output, 281-284
      nonblocking, 284
      preprocessing input, 639
      random-access I/O, 321
      reading/writing to other programs, 635-637
ioctl(/ ) function, 483
ioctl( ), 286
      return values, 387
IO::File module
      filehandles, 241
IO::Handle module, 257, 262, 289, 312
IO::Multiplex module, 718
IO::Pty module, 608
IO::Select module, 288, 645, 646
IO::Socket module, 681
      closing socket after forking, 698
      TCP, communicating over, 686
      UDP clients/servers, 689
IO::Socket::INET class, 681
IO::Socket::UNIX module, 694
IO::Stty module, 608
IO::Tee module, 261
IP addresses
      determining your own, 697
      DNS lookups, 729-732
      expn and vrfy programs, 761
      identifying at socket end, 695
      identifying socket ends, 695
      multi-homed servers, 713
      packed, converting to ASCII strings, 681
IPC::Open2 module, 643
IPC::Open3 module, 645
IPC::Shareable module, 656
isa( ), 525
is_numeric( ), 62
is_safe( ), 331
iterations (see arrays; lists)
iterator variables, 120

J[ Top ]
join( )
      using reverse( ) with, 19

K[ Top ]
keyboard input, 596
      checking for, 601
      (see also input)
keys( ), 158, 169
      hashes
            ordering elements, 161
            presizing, 171
            sorting, 166
            traversing, 159
kill command, 657
      isting available signals, 657
      sending signals, 658

L[ Top ]
\l string escape, 29
labels, menu, 610
last( ), 134
laston program, 342
lc( ), 29
lcfirst( ), 29
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 747
      server (see LDAP server)
LDAP server
      accessing, 747
leading whitespace, removing, 43-44
left angle bracket (<)
      access modes, 245
lexical scope, 377
libraries, 448
libwww-perl modules, 803
Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (see LDAP)
line breaks
      extracting ranges of lines, 199-201
      lines in files
            counting, 307-309
            deleting last, 319
            randomizing order, 315
            selecting random, 314
      matching across multiple lines, 195-198
      reading files backwards, 310-312
      reading with continuation characters, 306
LINE: (implicit loop label), 273
line input operator, 245, 301
line mode interfaces, 587
_ _LINE_ _ symbol, 380
lines
      counting in files, 307-309
      reading files backward by, 310-312
      single, extracting from file, 316-318
Lingua::EN::Inflect module, 85
links;extracting from HTML, 808
list assignment, 13
list context, detecting, 382
lists, 110-149
      arrays vs., 110
      circular, 143
      extracting
            particular elements, 124-125
            particular subsets, 136
      flattened, 111
      formatting with HTML shortcuts, 782-784
      initializing, 111
      iterating
            through all elements, 134-136
            through elements, 119-122
      permute programs, 146-149
      printing with commas, 113-114
      processing multiple elements, 132
      randomizing element order, 144
      reversing elements of, 131
      sorting
            by computable field, 139-143
      unions, intersections, differences, 126, 128-130
      words program, 144-146
List::Util module, 136, 144, 315
loading
      modules, 468-470
loading modules (see modules)
local operator, 393
local( )
      global values, 394
      overriding signal handlers, 661
      redefining functions, 397
locale settings, 207
localizing functions, 397-399
localtime( ), 92, 101
      calculating days, 99
      Time::localtime/Time::gmtime, 92
      today's date, 93
lockarea program, 294-299
locking
      blocking signals, 668
      files, 279-281
            netlock program, 291-294
      region-specific locks, 294-299
log files (web server), 823
log files (web server);processing, 825
log( ), 79
log10( ), 79
logarithms, 78
log_base( ), 79
Logfile::Apache, 827
logical functionality in patterns, 220-224
login sessions, 588
login( )
      POP3 server, 741
looks_like_number( ), 62
loop variables, 120
lowercase, converting to uppercase, 29
lst program, 370-372
lvaluable functions, 8
LWP modules, 803
LWP modules;extracting HTML tags, 813
LWP::RobotUA module, 822
LWP::Simple module, 804
LWP::Simple module;mirroring web pages, 821
LWP::UserAgent module, 805

M[ Top ]
m// operator, 8
/m pattern-matching modifier, 183
      matching multiple lines, 195
magic ARGV (see magic open)
magic open, 639
magic open( ), 341
magic variables
      creating, 542-549
Mail Transport Agent (see MTA)
Mail User Agents (see MUAs)
Mail::Mailer module, 735
map( ), 141
      building SQL queries programmatically, 573
      printing hashes, 160
matching
      patterns (see pattern matching)
      regular expressions (see regular expressions)
      Soundex matching, 50-51
Math::BigInt module, 87
Math::Complex module, 79, 82
Math::Random module, 73
Math::Trig module, 77, 83
Math::TrulyRandom module, 73
matrix multiplication, 80-81
maximal matching
      Boolean connectives in patterns, 222
      quantifiers, 212
memoizing technique, 148
memory
      encodings and, 335
      garbage collection, 510
            circular data structures and, 533-536
      preallocating for hashes, 171
      requirements for hash merging technique, 169
Menubutton widget, Tk, 609
merging
      DBM files, 558
merging hashes, 167
meth( ), 503, 529
methods, 500, 501-503, 512
      functions vs., 528
      generating with AUTOLOAD, 503, 531-533
      HTTP, 770
      indirect notation, 504-506
      invoking indirectly, 523-525
      overridden, 529-531
      references to, 424
      remote, 757
methods, HTTP, 767
m//g operator, 309
MHCONTEXTFD environment variable, 263
MIME messages
      parts of, 753
MIME (Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions), 750
MIME::Lite module, 749
MIME-Tools module, 753
minimal matching
      Boolean connectives in patterns, 222
      quantifiers, 212
minus (-)
      modifiers and, 224
minutes (see date/time values)
mirror( ) (LWP::Simple), 821
mirroring web pages, 821
MLDBM module, 434, 553, 561
      persistent data, 562
modified hyperlinks, finding, 817
modify( )
      LDAP server, 749
modifying files (see file contents)
mod_perl, 841-875
      authentication, 846
      cookies
            accessing values, 849
      cookies, setting, 847
      documentation, 844
mod_perl 2, 845
modules, 445
      automatic setup/cleanup, 461-463
      CPAN (see CPAN)
      designing interface for, 449-451
      directories of, 463-466
      documenting with pod, 488-490
            sorting =head1 sections, 622-625
      finding versions/descriptions of, 495-498
      importing from, 397
      loading, 468-470
      loading at run time, 453-455
      mod_perl, 844
      overriding built-in functions, 470-474
      preparing for distribution, 466-468
      private variables, 455-458
      reporting errors like built-ins, 474-476
      template for, 493
      trapping errors in use/require, 452
      writing functions in C, 487
      writing in C, 484-487
modules;AutoLoader module, 469
months (see date/time values)
move( )
      files/directories, 354
MTA (Mail Transport Agent), 741
mtime field, 347
MUAs (Mail User Agents), 735
multidimensional arrays, 111
multidimensional associative array emulation syntax, 356
multi-homed servers, 713
Multimedia Internet Mail Extensions (MIME), 750
multiple inheritance, 503
multiplication
      of matrices, 80-81
multiplication;x operator, 81
mux_input( ), 718
my keyword, 376
my operator, 376

N[ Top ]
-n command-line option
      writing filters, 272
n2perm( ), 148
Nagle Algorithm, 687
named pipes, 652-655
      sigrand program, 672-677
names of current subroutines. determining, 379
name-value pairs
      passing subroutines by named parameter, 384
natural logarithms, 79
navigation web with robots, 822
NDBM files, 552
nested HTML tags, 814
nested pattern matching, 218
nested subroutines, 400
Net::DNS module, 730, 761
Net::FTP module, 732
Net::hostent module, 520
Net::LDAP module, 747
netlock program, 291-294
Net::NNTP module, 738
Net::Ping module, 745
Net::POP3 module, 740
Netscape history.db file, 582-585
Net::SMTP module
      email attachments, 751
Net::Telnet module, 743
new( )
      reading from multiple filehandles, 289
new_from_fd( ), 262
newlines (see line breaks; whitespace)
NFA (non-deterministic finite automata), 182
NFC( ), 23
NFD( ), 23
NFKC( ), 23
NFKD( ), 23
noecho input mode, 602
NOFILE constant, 259
nonblocking I/O, 284
non-deterministic finite automata (see NFA)
nongreedy pattern matching, 181
      greedy pattern matching vs., 212-215
non-numeric strings
      converting, 59
NOT functionality in regular expressions, 220-224
nounder_demo program, 544
nstore( ), 433
numbers, 59-89
      adding commas to, 84
      complex (imaginary), 82
      converting with characters, 13-15
      decimal numbers, converting, 83
      decimal places, controlling, 539-541
      floating-point, 59
            comparing, 67
            rounding, 63-66
      logarithms, 78
      matrix multiplication, 80-81
      octal and hexadecimal, converting, 83
      operating on integer series, 68-69
      plural words based on, 85-87
      primes, calculating, 87
      random, 60
            biasing, 74-76
            generating, 71-74
      roman numerals, 70
      scalars as, 59
      strings as valid numbers, 60-63
      trigonometry, 76
      (see also values)
numerical comparison (<=>) operator, 138

O[ Top ]
O_ flags, 249, 284
/o pattern-matching modifier, 203-??, 203-205, ??-205
object attributes, 511-514
object methods, 506
object-oriented programming, 499, 506
objects, 500
      cloning parent objects, 520
      closures as, 423-424
      constructing, 501, 507-509
      destroying, 502, 509-511
      determining subclass membership, 525
      managing class data, 514-516
      managing instance data, 511-514
      tied objects, 542-549
oct( ), 83
octal numbers
      converting, 83
octal values
      working with symbolic file permissions instead, 367-368
octets, 4
      treating Unicode strings as, 24
O_NONBLOCK option, 284
open, magic (see magic open)
open pragma, 333
open( )
      caching open filehandles, 259
      creating temporary files, 266
      file access modes, 244
      file descriptors
            creating alias for, 264
      filehandles, 248
            storing in variables, 255
      filtering output, 637
      magic open( ), 341
      reading from other programs, 635
      unusual filenames, 251
      (see also processes)
opendir( ), 356
      globbing, 359
      readdir( ), 350
opening
      file descriptors, 262
      files, 247-251
operators
      line input, 245, 301
      overloading, 536-541
OR functionality in regular expressions, 220-224
or operator
      || operator vs., 12
ord( ), 14
outer( ), 401
Outlaw $_ program, 543-545
outlines program, 438-441
output
      controlling decimal places, 539-541
      controlling for other programs, 643, 644-647
      filtering, 637
      flushing, 281-284
      gathering from programs, 630
      random access I/O, 321
      writing to other programs, 635-637
output( ), 175
overloading operators, 536-541
overridden methods, 529-531
overriding
      built-in functions, 470-474
      signal handlers, 661

P[ Top ]
-p command-line option
      modifying files with, 276
      writing filters, 272
pack( ), 14, 322
      with Tk resize events, 615
package statement, 445
_ _PACKAGE_ _ symbol, 380, 460
packages, 444
      determining current calling, 459-461
      overriding built-in functions, 470-474
      private variables, 455-458
      referring to indirectly, 479
paragraphs
      counting in files, 307-309
      in pod documentation, 489
      reading files backwards by, 310-312
      reformatting, 39-41
parameterized HTML, 818
parent classes
      accessing overridden methods, 529-531
      cloning objects, 520
parentheses ( ), 3
      autouse pragma, 455
      comments in regular expressions, 191
      prototyping functions, 389
      substitution, 185
parse_csv subroutines, 47
ParseDate( ), 100, 107
parsing
      command-line arguments, 589-591
      commas into numbers, 84
      comma-separated data, 44-48
      date/time from strings, 100
      filenames, 365
parsing;HTML tags, 813
parsing;web server log file, 823
passing by named parameter, 383
passing by reference, subroutines, 381
passwords
      randomly generating, 72
      reading without echo, 602
pattern matching, 179-238
      abbreviations, 226-228
      across multiple lines, 195-198
      backtracking, 182, 217
      copying/substituting, 185
      doubled words, 215-218
      eager, 181
      email addresses, 224
      extracting ranges of lines, 199-201
      filenames, 358-359
      fuzzy matching, 209
      greedy vs. nongreedy, 181, 212-215
      history.db file, 582-585
      honoring locale settings, 207
      logical functionality in, 220-224
      matching letters, 186-188
      matching words, 188
      modifiers for, 182
            Boolean connectives in patterns, 224
      nested patterns, 218
      Nth matches, 192-195
      progressive, 193
      shell wildcards for, 202
      tcgrep program, 229-235
      testing for invalid patterns, 205-207
      urlify program, 228
      usefulpatterns, list of, 235-238
      using /o modifier, 203-205
      where last pattern ended, 210
      (see also regular expressions)
pattern separators, reading data with, 198
PDL modules
      matrix multiplication, 80
PDL (Perl Data Language), 80
percent sign (%)
      hashes, 150
performance
      presizing hashes, 171
Perl
      programming conventions, xxviii-xxx
      references on, xxvi-xxviii
      release notes, xxv
      V5.8.1, 709
Perl Data Language (see PDL)
$PERL5LIB environment variable, 465
perlmenu module, 606
PERL_UNICODE environment variable, 338
permissions
      CGI scripts, 774
      on libraries, 775
      symbolic file, instead of octal values, 367-368
      testing files for trustworthiness, 329-331
permutations, generating all possible, 146-149
permute program, 146-149
persistent
      data structures, 434
      database data, 562-565
      private subroutine variables, 378
personal identification number (PIN), 225
PF_ constants, 679
.ph filename extension, 482
PIN (personal identification number), 225
pinging machines, 744
pipe( ), 628, 647
places( ), 539
platforms
      programs/examples tested on, xxv
pluralizing words, 85-87
.pm filename extension, 446
pod
      converting into other languages, 489
pod documentation, 488-490
      sorting =head1 sections, 622-625
pod2html, 489
pod2man, 489
pod2text tools, 489
POE framework
      writing multitasking server with, 710-712
POE::Component::Server::TCP module, 710
POP (Post Office Protocol), 741
POP server
      fetching/summarizing messages on, 760
pop( )
      circular lists, 143
POP3 servers, 740-742
port connection attempts, logging, 721
portability
      closing filehandles, 246
Portable Operating System Interface (see POSIX)
pos( ), 211
POSIX
      termios interface, 599-601
POSIX module
      blocking signals, 668
      today's date, 93
      trigonometric functions, 78
POSIX (Portable Operating System Interface), xxvi
      time( ), 91
POSIX::close( ), 263
POSIX::setsid( ), 715
POSIX::strtod( ), 62
POSIX::uname( ), 697
POST method, 767, 770, 807
Post Office Protocol (see POP)
posting Usenet messages, 738-740
pound sign (#)
      with printf( ), 84
pragmas, 446
preallocating memory for hashes, 171
prime numbers
      calculating, 87
print( )
      email attachments, 751
      outputing to multiple filehandles, 261
      storing filehandles in variables, 257
      TCP, communicating over, 686
printf( ), 14
      floating-point numbers
            rounding, 63
      storing filehandles in variables, 257
printing
      data structures, 429-431
      date/time information, 101
      hashes, 160
      lists with commas, 113-114
      to multiple filehandles simultaneously, 260
private
      function to variable, 458
      methods, 502
      module variables, 455-458
      subroutine variables, 376-378
            (see also persistent, private subroutine variables)
processes, 627-673
      catching Ctrl-C, 665
      communicating between, 647-652
      controlling program input/output, 643
      creating, 628
      filtering output, 637
      gathering program output, 630
      groups, 295, 659
      imitating files with named pipes, 652-655
      multitasking servers, writing, 709
            with POE, 710-712
      preprocessing input, 639
      reading from/writing to programs, 635-637
      reading STDERR from programs, 640-643
      replacing programs, 634
      running multiple programs, 632
      sharing variables among, 655-657
      signals, 629
            blocking, 668
            handlers for, 660, 662-664
            listing available, 657
            sending, 658
            turning into errors, 671
      timing out operations, 669
      zombies, 628
            avoiding, 666-668
processing instructions, 878
Program, 55
programs
      CGI (see CGI programming)
      command-line arguments, parsing, 589-591
      controlling input/output of, 643
      controlling with Expect, 607
      filtering output, 637
      gathering output from, 630
      preprocessing input, 639
      reading from/writing to, 635-637
      reading STDERR from, 640-643
      replacing, 634
      running multiple, 632
      simulating telnet from, 743
      testing if running interactively, 591
progressive matching, 193
protocols for Internet, 727
protocols, socket, 679
prototypes, 388-391, 503
proxy, submitting forms through, 808
psgrep program, 57
      example, 55-58
public methods, 502
push( ), 131, 415
      circular lists, 143
      Tie::IxHash module and, 162

Q[ Top ]
q// operator, 3
\Q string metacharacter, 42
qq// operator, 3
qr// operator
      comments in regular expressions, 191
      interpolated matches, 205
qualify_to_ref( ), 258
quote( ), 569
quotemeta( ), 42
quotes, double ("), 2
quotes, single ()', 2
quotewords( ), 46
qw( ), 111

R[ Top ]
race conditions, 778
rad2deg( ), 77
radians
      degrees vs., 76
radiobuttons, 610
rand( ), 71, 314
random
      email signatures, 672-677
      lines in files
            ordering of, 315
            selecting, 314
      numbers, 60
            biasing, 74-76
            generating, 71-74
      random-access files, updating, 322
      random-access I/O, 321
randomizing arrays, 144
raw layer, 304, 321
read( )
      fixed-length records, 304, 325
readdir( ), 356
      globbing, 359
reading files (see file access; file contents)
reading Usenet messages, 738-740
records, 412
      binary tree structures, 441
      closures as objects, 423-424
      comma-separated (see comma-separated values)
      constructing, 425-427
      counting in files, 307-309
      fixed-length, 304
            reading, 325
      lastlog file, 342
      random-access I/O, 321
      reading, 245
      reading/writing to text files, 428
      variable-length, 318
      with pattern separators, reading, 198
      wtmp file, 340
recursively
      processing files in directories, 359-361
recv( )
      TCP, communicating over, 686
redirect( ), 785
ref( ), 409, 500
references, 407-412
      anonymous data, 409
      arrays of scalar references, 421
      as hash keys, 547
      as hash values, 170
      autovivification, 409
      closures as objects, 423-424
      hashes of arrays, 415
      iterating over arrays by, 122
      passing by, 381
      reference count, 408
      returning subroutines by, 386
      self-referential structures, 533-536
      symbolic, 27, 480
      to arrays, 413-415
      to functions, 417-420
      to hashes, 416
      to methods, 424
      to packages, indirect, 479
      to scalars, 420-??
      typed, 408
      weak, copying with circular data structures using, 435-438
referer, 806
Regexp::Common module, 61, 219
regular expressions
      checking if strings are valid numbers, 60-63
      commas in numbers, 85
      commenting, 189-192
      fuzzy matching, 209
      honoring locale settings, 207
      tcgrep program, 229-235
      testing for invalid patterns, 205-207
      urlify program, 228
      useful, list of, 235-238
      (see also pattern matching)
removing HTML tags, 813
rename script (example), 364
rename( )
      modifying file with temporary file, 275
      renaming files, 363
rep program, 605
Representational State Transfer (see REST)
require operator, 373
require statement, 445
      trapping errors in, 452
Resize( )
      thumbnailing images, 619
REST (Representational State Transfer), 728
restarting servers on demand, 716
retrieve( ), 432
retrieving URLs, 804
return context, subroutines, 382
return statement, 387
return values
      subroutines
            returning by reference, 386
            returning failure, 387
            skipping selected, 385
reverse( ), 19, 131
      inverting hashes, 164
reversing
      array elements, 131
      words/characters in strings, 19
revhash_demo program, 547
revnum( ), 139
rewinddir( ), 358
rfrm program, 760
right angle bracket (>)
      access modes, 245
rmdir( ), 363
rmtree( ), 362
robots for web traversal, 822
rollback( )
      using transactions, 575
Roman module, 70
roman numerals, 70
roman( ), 70
rounding floating-point numbers, 63-66
run time
      loading modules at, 453-455
run-time scoping, 395

S[ Top ]
s/// operator, 8
      stripping whitespace with, 35
/s pattern-matching modifier, 183
      matching multiple lines, 195
save( )
      storing forms, 795
save_parameters( )
      storing forms, 795
scalar multiplication operator, 81
scalar operator
      list version, 385
scalars, 1
      arrays of scalar references, 421
      as numbers, 59
      detecting scalar context, 382
      exchanging values between, 12
      references to, 420-??
Scalar::Util module, 62, 437
schemes, URLs, 766
scope of subroutine variables, 376
screen (see user interfaces)
scripts, 818
scripts, CGI (see CGI programming)
SDBM files, 552
search( )
      LDAP server, 748
searching
      for patterns (see pattern matching, regular expressions)
seconds (see date/time values)
security
      CGI scripts, 768, 776-779
            executing user commands, 780-782
      connecting through firewalls, 722-726
      testing files for trustworthiness, 329-331
security;reading passwords without echo, 602
See, 732, 787, 789, 810, 815, 823, 828
seek offset, file handles, 245
seek( ), 305, 313
seekdir( ), 358
select( ), 106
      determining whether data can be read/written, 687
      reading from multiple filehandles, 287, 688
SelfLoader module, 468
self-referential data structures, 533-536
send( )
      TCP, communicating over, 686
sendmail program, 735
servers
      daemon servers, 714
      forking, 701
      multi-homed, 713
      multitasking, writing, 709
            with POE, 710-712
      nonforking, 705-709
      POP3, 740-742
      preforking, 702-705
      restarting on demand, 716
      TCP
            writing, 684-686
      UDP, setting up, 691-693
set theory, 126
setitimer( ), 104
setting
      default I/O layers, 333
shallow copies, 431
shared locks, 279
sharing variables among processes, 655-657
shell escapes, executing commands without, 780-782
shell wildcards for regular expression matching, 202
shift( )
      circular lists, 143
shopping cart applications, 792
shuffle( )
      arrays, 144
      lines, 315
shutdown( ), 698
%SIG hash, 660
SIGALRM signal, 629, 670
SIGCHLD signal, 629, 666
SIGHUP signal, 629, 716
SIGINT signal, 629, 665
signals, 629
      blocking, 668
      handlers for, 660
            overriding, 661
            writing, 662-664
      listing available, 657
      process groups, 295, 659
      sending, 658
      turning into fatal errors, 671
signatures, randomized, 672-677
SIGPIPE signal, 629, 636
sigprocmask syscall, 668
SIGQUIT signal, 629
sigrand program, 672-677
SIGTERM signal, 629
sigtrap pragma, 671
SIGUSR1/SIGUSR2 signals, 629
simple difference, 130
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (see SMTP)
sin( ), 78
single inheritance, 503
single quote ('), 2
      escaping, 568
size
      arrays, changing, 115-116
      hashes, preallocating for, 171
      Tk window resize events, 615
      window/terminal, determining, 594
sleep( ), 104, 105
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 735
SOAP client, 758
SOAP protocol, 728
SOAP server, 757
SOAP::Lite module, 755, 758
SOCK_ constants, 679
sockaddr_in( ), 680, 690
sockaddr_un( ), 680
      Unix domain sockets, 694
socket( ), 680
sockets, 679-726
      bidirectional clients, 699-701
      closing after forking, 698
      connecting through firewalls, 722-726
      daemon servers, 714
      finding own name/address, 697
      forking servers, 701
      identifying machine at end, 695
      logging port connection attempts, 721
      managing multiple streams of input, 718-721
      multi-homed servers, 713
      nonblocking, 685
      nonforking servers, 705-709
      preforking servers, 702-705
      servers
            restarting on demand, 716
      TCP protocol
            communicating over, 686-689
            writing clients, 681-683
            writing servers, 684-686
      UDP protocol
            writing clients for, 689-691
            writing servers for, 691-693
      Unix domain, 679, 693
Some::Module package, 490
sort( ), 138
      by computable field, 139
      hashes, 166
sorting
      array elements numerically, 138
      arrays/lists by computable field, 139-143
      DBM files, 559-560
      directory contents, 350, 370-372
      du command output, 174-178
      hash elements, 166
      mail, 404-406
      pod =head1 sections, 622-625
      randomizing array element order, 144
      randomizing file line order, 315
      text into columns, 144-146
Soundex matching, 50-51
soundex( ), 51
spider (robot), 822
splice( ), 132
split( ), 17
      processing all words in file, 309
      reading records with pattern separators, 198
      using reverse( ) with, 19
      variable-length text fields, 318
sprintf( ), 14
      floating-point numbers
            comparing, 67
            rounding, 63
SQL database, 819
SQL queries
      building programmatically, 573
      executing using DBI, 565-568
      finding number of rows returned by, 574
      formatting results of, 784
      querying CSV files, 579
      repeating efficiently, 571-573
      saving results to Excel or CSV, 564
      without database server, 580
square brackets ([ ]), 3
      creating refereces, 409
srand( ), 72
stale hyperlinks, finding, 815
standard filehandles, 242-244
stat( ), 329, 347
      timestamps, 352
static data members, 514-516
Stat::lsMode module, 367
STDERR filehandle, 242-244
      controlling for other programs, 644-647
      reading from programs, 640-643
STDIN filehandle, 242-244
      preprocessing input, 639
stdio layer, 247, 264
STDOUT filehandle, 242-244, 246
      filtering output, 638
sticky widgets, creating, 791
Storable module, 431, 432, 522
STORE( ), 542
store( ), 432
stream sockets, 679, 701
strftime( ), 93, 102
String::Approx module, 51, 209
strings, 1-58
      accessing substrings, 7-9
      canonicalizing with Unicode combined characters, 22
      checking if valid numbers, 60-63
      converting
            case, 29
            characters and values, 13-15
            non-numeric, 59
      copying/substituting, 185
      default values for, 10-12
      doubled words, finding, 215-218
      escaping characters, 41
      hash element indices, 151
      headlines/titles, capitalizing, 31-33
      interpolating functions/expressions within, 33-35
      matching
            letters, 186-188
            words, 188
      numeric operators with, 538
      parsing date/time information in, 100
      plurals based on numbers, 85-87
      processing characters individually, 17-19
      psgrep program, 55-58
      reading from binary files, 324
      reformatting paragraphs, 39-41
      removing leading/trailing spaces, 43-44
      reversing elements of, 19
      substituting specific words, 52-55
      text color, changing, 595
      treating
            as files, 339
      Unicode
            support in Perl, 5
            treating as octets, 24
            treating as single characters, 21
      universal character code, 4
      (see also variables)
strings;converting ASCII to/from HTML, 811
strings;HTML text substitutions, 837
strings;removing/extracting HTML tags, 813
StrNum class (example), 538
struct( ), 517
struct_flock( )
      lockarea program, 294
structs
      classes as, 516-520
sub keyword, 373
subclasses
      determining membership, 525
subject, sorting mail by, 405
submitting HTML forms, 807
subroutines, 373-406
      access arguments, 374-376
      built-in, overriding, 470-474
      currently running, name of, 379
      email sorter, 404-??, 404-406, ??-406
      exception handling, 391-393
      localizing, 397-399
      nesting, 400
      passing by named parameter, 383
      passing by reference, 381
      persistent private variables, 378
      private for modules, 455-458
      private variables, 376-378
      prototypes for functions, 388-391
      return context, detecting, 382
      return values
            returning by reference, 386
            returning failure, 387
            skipping selected, 385
      saving global values, 393-??
      trapping undefined function calls, 399
      writing switch statement, 401-404
substitution
      expanding filenames, 253
      within strings, 185
substr( ), 7
      operators to use in conjunction with, 8
      pattern matching variables, 184
substrings, 7-9
SUPER pseudoclass, 529
superclasses, 503, 506
      accessing overridden methods, 529-531
surface copies, 431
surl script, 817
switch construct, 401
Switch module, 401
switch statement, 786, 793
switching statement, writing, 401-404
Symbol module, 258
symbolic links, 351
      duplicating directory trees, 369
      to packages, 479
symbolic references, 480
Symbol::qualify( ), 460
symirror program, 369
symmetric difference, 130
syscalls, 244
Sys::Hostname module, 697
sysopen( )
      filehandles, 248
      nonblocking I/O, 284
      unusual filenames, 251
sysread( ), 305
sysreadline( )
      reading from filehandle without blocking, 289
sysseek( ), 306
Sys::Syslog module, 721
system calls (see syscalls)
system( )
      executing commands without shell escapes, 780
      running multiple programs, 632
      shell escapes, 780
SysV IPC, 656
syswrite( ), 305

T[ Top ]
-t option, 591
tables
      formatting with HTML shortcuts, 782-784
tabs (see whitespace)
tags, HTML;;(see HTML), 813
tailwtmp program, 340
taint mode, 778
tan( ), 78
tc( ), 31
tcapdemo program, 620-622
tcgrep program, 229-235
TCP protocol
      communicating over, 686-689
      writing clients for, 681-683
      writing servers for, 684-686
TCP_NODELAY socket option, 687
tctee program, 341
tear-off menus, 611
tell( ), 305
telnet, simulating from programs, 743
tempfile( ), 265
template( ), 818
templates
      for modules, 493
templates;HTML, 818
temporary files
      modifying files with, 274
      modifying files without, 277
Term::ANSIColor module, 595
Term::Cap module, 593, 620-622
terminal (see user interfaces)
termios interface, 599-601
Term::ReadKey module, 40
      checking for waiting input, 601
      determining window size, 594
      reading from keyboard, 597
      reading passwords, 602
Term::ReadLine module, 603
Term::ReadLine::Gnu module, 603
text
      adding to images, 619
text color, 595
text editors, support for Unicode fonts, 337
text (see strings)
Text::Abbrev module, 226, 227
Text::Balanced module, 218, 219
Text::CSV module, 47
Text::CSV_File module, 47
Text::Diff module, 339
Text::Metaphone module, 50
Text::ParseWords module, 46
Text::Soundex module, 50
Text::Tabs module, 26
Text::Template module, 818
Text::Wrap module, 39-41
threads.pm, 709
tie( ), 542
      DBM files
            emptying, 556
            making/using, 553
Tie::Array module, 543
TIEARRAY( ), 542
Tie::File module, 311, 316, 320
      files as arrays, 332
Tie::Handle module, 543
TIEHANDLE( ), 542
Tie::Hash module, 543
TIEHASH( ), 542
Tie::IxHash module, 161
Tie::RefHash module, 170
Tie::Scalar module, 543
TIESCALAR( ), 542
tilde (~)
      in filenames, expanding, 253
time (see date/time values)
time zones (see date/time values)
time( ), 91
      high-res timers, 103
timegm( ), 92, 94
Time::gmtime module, 92, 95
Time::HiRes module, 103, 106
Time::Local module, 92, 94
timelocal( ), 92, 94
Time::localtime module, 92
timers, high-resolution, 103
timestamps, 351
Time::timelocal module, 95
Time::tm module, 92
timing out operations, 669
Tk toolkit, 588
      creating menus, 609-612
      dialog boxes, 612
      removing DOS shell window, 616
      resize events, 615
      tkshufflepod program, 622-625
tkshufflepod program, 622-625
today's date, finding, 92-94
too, 839
tr/// operator, 8
      converting case with, 30
trailing growing files, 312-314
trailing whitespace, removing, 43-44
trapping undefined function calls, 399
traversing hashes, 157-159
tree structures, 441
trigonometry, 77
      operating in degrees vs. radians, 76
trim( ), 61
truncate( ), 305
tty devices, testing for, 592
typed referents, 408
typeglobs, 58, 255-258
      assigning references to, 481
      filehandles with, creating alias for, 264
      global values, 396

U[ Top ]
\u string escape, 29
ualarm( ), 104
uc( ), 29
ucfirst( ), 29
UDP protocol
      writing clients for, 689-691
      writing servers for, 691-693
umask values, 250
uname( ), 697
unbuffered input/output, 247, 282, 305, 596
undef( )
      compared to delete( ) (example), 156
undefined (undef) value, 2
underscore (_)
      file stat cache, 348
Unicode, 5
      character database, 16
      combined characters
            canonicalizing strings with, 22
      converting Microsoft files to, 336-338
      reading/writing from filehandles, 333-336
      strings
            treating as octets, 24
            treating as single characters, 21
      using named characters, 15
Uniform Resource Locators (see URLs)
unimport( ), 543-545
unions of lists, 126
      computing, 128-130
unique list elements, extracting, 124-125
universal character code, 4
UNIVERSAL module, 524, 525
UNIVERSAL package, 525
Unix
      I/O layers, 283
Unix domain sockets, 679, 693
unix layer, 247, 283
UnixDate( ), 101
unlink( )
      removing directories and contents, 363
unpack( ), 7, 14
      fixed-length records, 325
unread bytes, determining number of, 285-287
unshift( )
      circular lists, 143
updating
      random-access files, 322
uppercase, converting to lowercase, 29
URI::Heuristic, 816
URI::Heuristic module, 805
urlify program, 228
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), 766
      expanding tildes in filenames, 253
      putting HTML links around, 228
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators);extracting from HTML, 808
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators);fetching from Perl scripts, 804
use bytes pragma, 24
use charnames pragma, 16
use constant pragma, 48
use locale pragma, 208
use operator, 373
use pragmas, 208, 445
      trapping errors in, 452
      use autouse pragma, 453-455
      use lib pragma, 465
      use overload pragma, 536-541
Usenet news messages, 738-740
user interfaces, 587-626
      adding text to images, 619
      checking for waiting input, 601
      clearing the screen, 593
      controlling programs with Expect, 607
      determining window size, 594
      dialog boxes with Tk, 612
      editing input, 603
      full-screen mode, 587
      graphing data, 617, 625
      managing screen, 604
      manipulating terminal directly, 599-601
      menus, creating with Tk, 609-612
      multiscreen CGI scripts, 792-795
      reading from keyboard, 596
      reading passwords without echo, 602
      removing DOS shell window, 616
      ringing terminal bell, 598
      tcapdemo program, 620-622
      testing programs if running interactively, 591
      text color, 595
      thumbnailing images, 618
      Tk resize events, 615
User::pwent module, 140
userstats program, 554
usleep( ), 104
UTF-8, 6, 335
utf8 layer, 304
utime( )
      timestamps, 352

V[ Top ]
values
      comma-separated
            initializing arrays with, 111
            parsing, 44-48
      converting with characters, 13-15
      definedness, 2, 10
      exchanging between scalar variables, 12
      (see also numbers; strings; variables)
values( )
      traversing hashes, 159
variable-length text fields, 318
variables
      constant, 48-49
      expanding in user input, 27-29
      filehandles in, 255-258
      functions private for, 458
      loop (iterator) variables, 120
      magic
            creating, 542-549
      persistent private, for subroutines, 378
      private for modules, 455-458
      private, for subroutines, 376-378
      scalars (see scalars)
      sharing among different processes, 655-657
      strings (see strings)
$VERSION variable (use pragma), 450
VERSION( ), 525
visual bell, 599
vrfy program, 761

W[ Top ]
wait( ), 667
waitpid( ), 667
wantarray( ), 382
_ _WARN_ _ signal, 661
warn( ), dialog box for, 614
warnings
      customizing, 476-479
      reporting like built-ins, 474-476
warnings::enabled( ), 476
warnings::register pragma, 477
wc program, 307
weaken( ), 437
WeakRef module, 437
web architecture, 765-767
web automation, 803
web automation;converting ASCII to/from HTML, 811
web automation;extracting URLs from HTML, 808
web automation;fetching URLs, 804
web automation;finding stale/fresh links, 815
web automation;HTML templates, 818
web automation;HTML text substitutions, 837
web automation;mirroring web pages, 821
web automation;parsing web server log files, 823
web automation;processing server logs, 825
web automation;removing/extracting HTML tags, 813
web automation;robots, 822
web automation;submitting HTML forms, 807
web browsers
      support for Unicode fonts, 337
web forms
      Boolean connectives in patterns, 220
web, references on, 768
web server logs;parsing, 823
web server logs;processing, 825
web services
      SOAP client, 758
      SOAP server, 757
      XML-RPC server, 755
weekearly program, 323
Week_Number( ), 99
weeks (see date/time values)
weighted_rand( ), 75
while loop
      G anchor, 211
      traversing hashes, 157
whitespace
      deleting leading/trailing, 43-44
      extracting ranges of lines, 199-201
      in pod documentation, 489
      indenting here documents, 35-38
      matching
            across multiple lines, 195-198
            words, 188
      sorted text in columns and, 144-146
      sorting du command output, 174-178
      tabs, expanding/compressing, 25
whoami( ), 381
whowasi( ), 381
wildcards (shell) for regular expression matching, 202
Win32::Console module, 617
window size
      determining, 483
window size, determining, 594
windows
      dialog boxes, Tk, 612
      DOS shell, removing, 616
words
      double, finding, 215-218
      fuzzy matching, 209
      matching abbreviations, 226-228
      pattern matching, 188
      pluralizing, based on numbers, 85-87
      processing all in file, 309
      reversing, 19
      sorting into columns, 144-146
      substitutions for specific, 52-55
      text color, changing, 595
      wrapping paragraph text, 39-41
words program, 144-146
wrapping paragraph text, 39-41
write( ), 635
writing
      signal handlers, 662-664
wtmp file, adding records to, 340

X[ Top ]
x command (Perl debugger), 429
X metacharacter, 21
x operator, 81
-X operators, 348
/x pattern modifier
      comments in regular expressions, 190
/x substitution modifier, 28
XML declaration, 878
XML, processing instructions, 878
XML, Unicode encodings, 878
XML, validation, 881
XML-RPC client, 756
XML-RPC protocol, 728
XML-RPC server, 755
XMLRPC::Lite module, 756
XMLRPC::Lite modules, 728
XS interface, 466, 485

Y[ Top ]
years (see date/time values)

Z[ Top ]
zombies, 628
      avoiding, 666-668