O’Reilly Verlag

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Symbols[ Top ]
! ! (recalling previous command), 29
/ (slash), root directory, 13
& (ampersand), running background jobs, 30
&& (two ampersands), stopping execution of combined commands, 27
. (period), current directory, 14
. . (two periods), parent directory, 14
; (semicolon), combine commands using, 26
[ (left square bracket), alias for test command, 168
\ (backward slash), escaping special characters, 27
^Z command (suspending jobs), 31
| (pipe operator), 26
| |, stopping execution of combined commands, 27
~ (tilde), denoting home directories, 15, 23

A[ Top ]
abiword program, 56
absolute path of current directory, printing, 41
acroread viewer, 49
Ada language, 178
alias command, 25
alphabetical order, sorting text in, 77
ampersand ( & ), running background jobs, 30
apt program, 35
arguments for commands, 3
aspell command, 103
at command, 156-157
atq command, 157
atrm command, 157
attributes of files
      changing, 64
      viewing, 65
audacity graphical audio file editor, 165
audio on Linux systems, 163-165
awk filter program, 81
      vs. tr command, 77

B[ Top ]
background jobs, running, 30
backing up Linux files, 95-101
backquotes on command line, 27
backward slash (\ ), escaping special characters, 27
basename command, 42
bash (Bourne Again Shell), 2, 20-33
      command-line editing, 28
      printf command, 146
      programming with shell scripts, 166-176
      type command, 66, 70
bg command, 31
      jobs command and, 30
bin directory, 16
Booleans in shell scripts, 167, 170
/boot directory, 18
Bourne Again Shell (see bash)
brace expansion, 23
break command, 174
browsing the web, 136-140
bunzip2 command, 84
burning CDs, 99, 165
bzcat command, 84
bzip2 command, 84
      tar -j command and, 99

C[ Top ]
C and C++ languages, 178
^C command (killing programs), 32
cal command, 153
Calc program (soffice), 56
calculator command (dc), 151
calculator programs, 149-152
case statement, 171
cat command, 43
      tee command and, 80
CD burning programs, 99, 165
cd command, 14, 41
      home directories, locating, 14
cdparanoia command, 164
cdrecord command, 99
      xcdroast command and, 165
cgi-bin directory, 16
chattr (change attributes) command, 64
checksums, comparing, 90
chfn (change finger) command, 117
chgrp command, 20, 62, 120
chmod command, 20, 62-64
chown command, 20, 61
chsh (change shell) command, 118
cksum program, 86, 90
clear command, 149
clock programs, 152
cmp command, 86, 89
columns of text, extracting from files, 75
combining commands, 26
comm command, 86, 88
command-line arguments in shell scripts, 177
command-line editing with bash, 28
commands, 3
      combining, 26
      history-related, 29
      killing, 32, 109
comparing files, 86-90
completing filenames with TAB key, 29
compress command, 83
      software installation and, 34
      tar -Z command and, 99
      zip command and, 85
compressing/uncompressing files, 82-85
conditionals in shell scripts, 170-172
configure script, running, 37
configuring the shell, 33
connecting to networks, 128-131
continue command, 175
controlling processes, 108-110
cp command, 39
cpio program, 96
cron process, 158
crontab command, 158-159
CUPS printing system, 101
curl command, 138
curly-brace expressions, expanding, 23
cut command, 75

D[ Top ]
date command, 153-155
      watch command and, 156
dc (desk calculator) command, 151
default editor, setting, 52
dev directory, 17
df (disk free) program, 92
diff program, 86
diff3 program, 86, 88
dig command, 125
directories, Linux, 13
      changing, using cd command, 41
      creating, 42
      deleting empty directories, 42
      home directories, 14
      operating system directories, 18
      printing absolute path of, 41
      system directories, 15-18
dirname command, 42
disk usage command (du), 59
disks and filesystems, 91-95
DISPLAY variable, 23
dnsdomainname command, 121
doc directory, 16
domainname command, 121
du (disk usage) command, 59
dump command, 96
      chattr command and, 64
      restore command and, 97
DVI files, 50
dvips command, 50

E[ Top ]
echo command, 7, 145
      script output provided by, 167
ed line editor, 81
      diff -e command, 87
EDITOR environment variable, 45
      setting default editor, 52
egrep command, 73
else statement, 170
emacs text editor
      command-line editing, 28
      creating/editing files, 51-54
      lynx -emacskeys command, 138
      RPM filenames and, 35
email readers, 132-135
environment variables, 24
      EDITOR, 45, 52
      HOME, 15, 23
      preserving, in new shell, 119
      printing, 114
      VISUAL, 45, 52
eog (Eye of Gnome) image viewer, 160
Epiphany web browser for GNOME, 136
escaping special characters, 27
etc directory, 16
evolution command, 132
Excel documents
      editing with abiword, 56
      editing with soffice, 55
exit command, 12
      exiting with return codes, 178
      terminating loops, 174
      terminating shells, 33
exit status (return codes) of Linux commands, 167
export command, 24
expr command, 149
ext3 filesystems, 91
      chattr/lsattr commands, 64
Eye of Gnome (eog) image viewer, 160

F[ Top ]
false command, 170
      infinite loops and, 174
fdisk program, 95
Fedora Linux, 2
      getting help with, 8
      graphical desktop, 9
      running shell windows, 11
      up2date command, 34
fg command, 32
      jobs command and, 30
fgrep command, 74
file command, 59
filename completion, 29
files
      changing timestamps, 60
      copying, using cp command, 39
      creating, 51-56
      deleting, using rm command, 39
      editing, 51-56
      linking, using ln command, 40
      listing attributes of, 57
      listing, using ls command, 38
      locating, 65-71
      measuring disk space of, 59
      moving, 39
      permissions/ownership, 19, 38, 62-64
      renaming, 39
      setting group ownership of, 62
      setting ownership of, 61
      viewing, 43-51
      word count program, 58
filesystem, Linux, 13-20
find command, 66-68
finger command, 113, 117
Firebird web browser, 136
floppy program, 95
fonts directory, 16
for loops, 173
      command-line arguments and, 177
foreground, bringing jobs into, 32
formatting disks, 91, 95
FORTRAN language, 178
free command, 108
fsck command, 94
      shutdown command and, 12
ftp (File Transfer Protocol) program, 131

G[ Top ]
g77 program, 178
gaim program, 142
Galeon web browser, 136
gcc program, 178
ghostview command, 49
      DVI files and, 50
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program), 161
gnat program, 178
GNOME graphical environment, 2
      Epiphany web browser, 136
      Fedora Linux and, 10
      getting help with, 8
      logging out/shutting down, 11
      running shells within, 11
      xclock command, 152
      xscreensaver program, 162
gnome-terminal program, 11
gnumeric program, 56
gnuplot program, 162
Google, getting help from, 9
gqview image viewer, 160
graphical desktop, 9
graphics, viewing/editing, 160-163
grep command, 71
      egrep command and, 73
      fgrep command and, 74
      manipulating RPM packages, 35
      ps command and, 105
grip command, 163
groupadd command, 120
groupdel command, 120
groupmod command, 121
groups command, 119
      id -Gn command and, 112
gunzip command, 83
gv command, 49
      DVI files and, 50
gzip command, 83
      software installation and, 34
      tar -z command and, 99

H[ Top ]
hard links, 40
head command, 45
help and tutorials, 7
- -help option, 8
hexadecimal dump of binary files, 48
history command, 29
home directories, 14
HOME environment variable, 15, 23
host command, 124
hostname command, 122
html directory, 16

I[ Top ]
id command, 112
if statement, 170
ifconfig command, 123
if-then-elif-else statement, 171
Impress program (soffice), 56
include directory, 16
index of file locations, creating, 69
info command, 8
init.d directory, 16
input in shell scripts, 167
input/output redirection, 26
installing software on the Linux system, 33-37
instant messaging on Linux, 142-144
Internet domains, looking up registration of, 125

J[ Top ]
Java language, 178
javac program, 178
job control in Linux shells, 30-32
jobs command, 30
jobs, scheduling, 155-159

K[ Top ]
KDE graphical environment, 2
      Fedora Linux and, 10
      getting help with, 8
      Konquerer web browser, 136
      logging out/shutting down, 11
      running shells within, 11
      xclock command, 152
      xscreensaver program, 162
Kerberos
      /usr/kerberos directory, 17
      telnet command and, 129
kill command, 32, 109
Konquerer web browser for KDE, 136
konsole program, 11
ksnapshot command, 161

L[ Top ]
last command, 114
less command, 44
      cat command and, 43
lib directory, 16
libexec directory, 16
linebreaks in shell scripts, 166
linking files, 40
Linux
      backing up files, 95-101
      components of, 2
      filesystem, layout of, 13-20
      getting help with, 7
      installing software on the system, 33-37
      spell checkers in, 103-104
ln command, 40
lock directory, 17
log directory, 17
logname command, 111
LOGNAME variable, 24
logout command, 12
look command, 103
loops in shell scripts, 172-174
/lost+found directory, 18
lpq (line printer queue) command, 102
lpr (line printer) command, 101
lprm (line printer remove) command, 102
LPRng printing system, 101
ls command, 6, 38
      displaying file properties, 57
      file protections and, 19
lsattr (list attributes) command, 65
lynx command, 136-138

M[ Top ]
m4 macro-processing language, 81
magnetic tape command (mt), 96
mail directory, 17
mail program, 135
mail readers, 132-135
MAIL variable, 24
mailq command, 132
make command, 37
make install command, 37
man command, 8, 16
man directory, 16
masks and protection modes, 55
math commands, 149-152
md5sum program, 86, 90
memory usage, displaying, 108
mesg program, 113, 144
Microsoft Excel documents
      editing with abiword, 56
      editing with soffice, 55
Microsoft Word documents
      editing with abiword, 56
      editing with soffice, 55
misc directory, 17
mkdir command, 42
mkfs program, 95
mkisofs command, 99
mnt directory, 17
mount command, 93
Mozilla web browser, 136
      reading email, 132
      reading Usenet news, 140
mplayer video player, 163
mt (magnetic tape) command, 96
mutt mailer, 133-135
mv command, 39

N[ Top ]
Netscape web browser, 136
network connections, establishing, 128-131
network interface, displaying information about, 123
news, Usenet, 9, 140-142
nice command, 109
nisdomainname command, 121
nl command, 46
      cat command and, 44
nslookup command, 125
ntpdate command, 155

O[ Top ]
oclock program, 152
octal dump (od) command, 47
od (octal dump) command, 47
OLDPWD variable, 24
OpenOffice.org package, 55
Opera web browser, 136
operating system directories, 18
options for commands, 3
output in shell scripts, 167
ownership of files, 19, 38, 62-64

P[ Top ]
parted program, 95
partitioning disks, 91, 95
passwd command, 117
paste command, 75
patch command, context diff, 87
PATH variable, 24-25
Perl language, 178
permissions, file, 19, 38, 62-64
pidof command, 109
pine mail program, 132
ping command, 126
pipe ( | ) operator, 26
printenv command, 114
      at command and, 157
printf command, 146-147
      script output provided by, 167
-printf option (find command), 68
printing systems in Linux, 101
/proc directory, 17, 18
processes
      controlling, 108-110
      viewing, 104-108
ps command, 104, 109
public_html directory, 16
pwd command, 41
PWD variable, 24
Python language, 178

Q[ Top ]
quoting on command line, 27

R[ Top ]
rc.d directory, 16
rcsdiff program, 87
read command, 167
Red Hat Linux, 3
Red Hat Package Manager (RPM) files, 34
redhat-config-printer command, 102
redirecting input/output, 26
regular expressions
      awk filter and, 81
      egrep command, 73
      find -regex command, 66
      grep command, 71
      less command and, 44
      slocate -r command, 69
remote machines
      logging into with telnet, 129
      looking up hostnames, 124
      sending ICMP packets to, 126
      traceroute command, 127
renice command, 110
reset command, 33
restore command, 97
      mt command and, 96
resuming jobs with fg command, 32
return codes of Linux commands, 167, 178
rm command, 39
RMAIL program, 132
rmdir command, 42
root directory ( / ), 13
root user, 4, 118
RPM (Red Hat Package Manager) files, 34
rpm command, 34-36
RPM packages, commands for manipulating, 35
rsync command, 100
run directory, 17

S[ Top ]
sbin directory, 16
scalc command, 56
scheduling jobs, 155-159
scp (secure copy) command, 130
screensavers
      viewing/editing, 160-163
      xscreensaver program, 162
sdiff program, 86, 88
sdraw command, 56
secure copy (scp) command, 130
secure shell (ssh) program, 128
sed filter program, 81
      vs. tr command, 77
semicolon (;), combine commands using, 26
sendmail program, 133
seq command, 148
sfax command, 56
sfdisk program, 95
sftp program, 130
share directory, 16
shell prompts, 3
      for superuser commands, 4
shell scripts
      break and continue in, 174
      command-line arguments in, 177
      conditionals in, 170-172
      creating, 176
      exiting with return codes, 178
      loops in, 172-174
      programming with, 166-178
      running, 176
SHELL variable, 24
shell windows, opening, 11
shells, 20-33
      changing login shell program, 118
      history-related commands, 29
      job control, 30-32
      running, 11
      suspending, 31
      terminating, 33
      vs. programs, 21
      (see also bash)
shutdown command, 12
simpress command, 56
slabel command, 56
slash ( / ), root directory, 13
sleep command, 156
slocate (secure locate) command, 69
      locating files, 66
slrn newsreader, 140-142
smpeg video player, 163
soffice program, 55
sort command, 77
special characters, escaping, 27
spell checkers in Linux, 103-104
spell command, 104
spool directory, 17
src directory, 16
ssh (secure shell) program, 128
standard output, printing messages on, 144-149
stat command, 57
su command, 5
      becoming superuser, 118
      software installation and, 34
      whoami command and, 111
subdirectories, Linux, 13
sudo program, 119
sum program, 86, 90
superusers, 4
      becoming, 118
suspend command, 31
swriter command, 56
symbolic links, 40
sync command, 64, 94
system directories, 15-18
system load, displaying graphically, 107

T[ Top ]
t3d clock program, 152
TAB key, completing filenames with, 29
tail command, 46
talk program, 143
tape drives, copying files to, 96
tar command, 98
      mt command and, 96
      software installation and, 34
tar files, 36
      compressed, sample commands, 84, 85
      gzipped, sample commands, 83
tee command, 80
telnet program, 129
TERM variable, 24
terminating shells, 33
test command, 168-169
text manipulation commands, 71-80
tilde (~), denoting home directories, 15, 23
time, displaying/setting, 152-155
timestamps, changing, 60
tmp directory, 17
top command, 106
touch command, 60
      creating empty files, 51
tr command, 76
traceroute command, 127
translating characters, using tr command, 76
true command, 170
      infinite loops and, 174
tty program, 144
tutorials
      for emacs, 52
      getting help with Linux, 7
      for mutt mailer, 135
      for vim editor, 53
twm graphical environment, 10
      running shells within, 11
type command, 66, 70
      locating files, 66
types of files, reporting, 59

U[ Top ]
umask command, 54
umount command, 93
uname command, 19, 122
uncompress command, 83
uniq command, 79
until loops, 173
      infinite loops and, 174
unzip command, 85
up2date command, 34
uptime command, 19, 105
Usenet news, 9, 140-142
USER variable, 24
useradd command, 115
userdel command, 116
usermod command, 116
users
      creating new accounts, 115
      deleting existing users, 116
      finger command and, 113
      listing logged-in users, 112
      modifying accounts, 116
      printenv command and, 114
      printing login names, 111
      printing user IDs, 112
      superusers and, 4
      updating information, 117
users command, 113
/usr/share/doc directory, 8
uudecode command, 85
uuencode command, 85
uxterm program, 11

V[ Top ]
var directory, 17
variables
      defining, 23
      in shell scripts, 166
vfat filesystems, 91
vi text editor, 51
      command-line editing, 28
      less command, 45
      lynx -vikeys command, 138
video on Linux systems, 163
viewing
      files, 43-51
      processes, 104-108
vim text editor, 51, 53
      lynx -vikeys command, 138
      sed filter and, 81
VISUAL environment variable, 45
      setting default editor, 52

W[ Top ]
w command, 106
watch command, 156
wc command, 3, 58
web browsing, 136-140
wget command, 138-140
whereis command, 70
      locating files, 66
which command, 70
      locating files, 66
while loops, 172
      infinite loops and, 174
whitespace
      programming with shell scripts, 166
      quoting on command line, 27
who command, 112
      tee command and, 80
whoami command, 111
whois command, 125
wildcard characters and the shell, 22
windows (shell), opening, 11
Word documents
      editing with abiword, 56
      editing with soffice, 55
write program, 143
Writer program (soffice), 56
www directory, 16

X[ Top ]
X11 directory, 17
xargs command, 68
xcalc command, 149
xcdroast program, 100, 165
xclock command, 152
xdvi command, 50
Ximian Evolution program, 132
xload command, 107
xmms command, 164
xpdf viewer, 49
xscreensaver program, 162
xscreensaver-command command, 163
xscreensaver-demo command, 163
xterm program, 11
xv program, using instead of GIMP, 161
xxd command, 48
xxdiff program, 86

Y[ Top ]
yes command, 147
ypdomainname command, 121
yum program, 35

Z[ Top ]
^Z command (suspending jobs), 31
zcat command, 83
zip command, 85