O’Reilly Verlag

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Symbols[ Top ]
@ (at sign), array referencing, 43
| (bar), regular expressions, 103
=~ (binding operator), 111
      m// and, 123
^ (caret), character classes, 105
$_ default variable, 47
<> diamond operator, 70
#! line, portability, 14
.. (range operator), 41

A[ Top ]
access
      array elements, 39
      databases, 264
      hash elements, 91
algorithms, high-water mark, 61
ampersand, subroutines, 65
anchors
      regular expressions, 110
      word anchors, 110
answers to exercises, 229-254
arguments
      invocation, 70, 72
      subroutines, 57
            passing, 57
@ARGV array, 72
array slices, 224-226
arrays, 38
      @ sign, 43
      @ARGV, 72
      bits, 266
      elements, 38
            access, 39
      foreach control, 46
      grep and, 266
      indices, 40, 88
      interpolation to string, 45
      keys, 88
      map and, 266
      pop operator, 44
      printf and, 77
      push operator, 44
      reverse operator, 47
      shift operator, 45
      sort operator, 48
      splice operator, 266
      unshift operator, 45
assigning hashes, 93
      keys, 94
      values, 94
assignment
      binary assignment operators, 27
      list values to variables, 42
      scalar variables, 27
associativity, operators, 29
at sign (@), array referencing, 43
autodecrement operator, 140
autoincrement operator, 140
      preincrements, 141
automatic match variables, 115

B[ Top ]
backquotes, 16
      list context and, 200
      output and, 198-200
bar (|), regular expressions, 103
binary assignment operators, 27
binding operator (see =~), 111
bits, arrays, 266
bitstrings, 162
bitwise operators
      file tests, 160
      meanings, 161
blocks
      loops, labels, 148
      naked, 138
Boolean values, 33
      logical operators, 148
buffered output, 74
bugs, 11
built-in variables, 269

C[ Top ]
calling subroutines, 55
caret (^), character classes, 105
case, regular expressions and, 123
case-insensitive matching, regular expressions, 108
CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 268
CGI module, 258
CGI_Lite module, 258
CGI.pm module, 214
character classes, 104
      shortcuts, 105
child processes, system function, 193
chmod function, 178
chomp operator, 34
closures, anonymous, 270
command line
      in-place editing and, 132
      options, 269
Common Gateway Interface (CGI), 268
comparison operators, 31
compiling, 15
complex numbers, 265
Comprehensive Perl Archive Network (see CPAN)
concatenation, 23
constant pragma, 262
context
      lists, <STDIN> operator, 51
      scalar, forcing, 51
control structures
      for, 142
      foreach, arrays, 46
      if, 32
            elsif clause, 139
      last operator, 145
      logical operators, 148
            short-circuit operators, 149
      loops, 144
      naked blocks, 138
      next operator, 145
      partial-evaluation operators, 151
      redo operator, 147
      ternary operator, 150
      unless, 135
            else clause, 136
      until, 136
      while control, 35
conversions, format string, 76
converting
      find command lines to Perl, 272
      languages to Perl, 272
      numbers to/from strings, 24
CPAN (Comprehensive Perl Archive Network), 9, 208
      web site, 10
current state of Perl, 7
Cwd module, 258

D[ Top ]
data structures, complex, 270
databases
      access, 264
      DBI module, 215
DBI module, 215
debugging, 267
default variable ($_), 47
defined function, 36
delete function, hashes, 98
deleting
      directories, 176
      files, 169
delimiters, s/// and, 122
diagnostics pragma, 263
diamond operator (<>), 70
die function
      ext status and, 82
      fatal errors and, 82
directories
      creating, 176
      deleting, 176
      deleting files, 169
      globbing, 165
            alternate syntax, 166
      links, 171-176
      mounted volumes, 172
      ownership, 178
      permission modification, 178
      recursive directory listing, 168
      renaming files, 170
      timestamps, 179
directory handles, 167
directory tree, 164
documentation, 255
      embedded, 273
double-precision floating-point values, 19
double-quote interpolation, 29
dynamic loading, 271

E[ Top ]
each function, hashes, 96
ease of use, 5
elements of arrays, 38
      accessing, 39
      undef values, 40
else clause, unless control structure, 136
else keyword, 32
elsif clause, if control structure, 139
emacs, 12
embedded documentation, 273
embedding, 271
environment variables
      PATH, 197
      processes, 197
error trapping, eval and, 217-219
errors, die function and, 82
eval, error trapping and, 217-219
exec function, 196
exercise answers, 229-254
exercises, 2
      numbering, 3
      overview, 17
exists function, hashes, 98
exit status, 82
expressions
      hash keys as, 92
      list-producing, scalar context, 49
      modifiers, 137
      regular expressions (see regular expressions)
      scalar-producing, lists, 50
external commands, 16

F[ Top ]
fatal errors
      die function and, 82
      trapping, 218
Fatal module, 258
file specifications, File::Spec module, 213
file tests
      bitwise operators, 160
      _filehandle, 162
      localtime function, 160
      lstat function, 158
      meanings, 155
      operators, 154
      stat function, 158
File::Basename module, 211, 259
File::Copy module, 259
_filehandle, 162
filehandles, 78
      bad, 81
      closing, 82
      default, 85
      names, 78
      opening, 79, 273
      processes as, 201-203
      reopening, 86
      STDIN and, 84
files
      deleting, 169
      renaming, 170
File::Spec module, 213, 259
find command lines, converting to Perl, 272
flags, regular expressions, 108
      /x, 108
floating-point literals, 19
floating-point numbers, 18
footnotes, 2
for control structure, 142
for keyword, 144
foreach control, arrays, 46
foreach keyword, 144
forking
      processes and, 203
      support, 274
format string conversions, 76
formats, 266
formatted output, printf and, 76
functions
      chmod, 178
      defined, 36
      exec, 196
      hashes
            delete, 98
            each, 96
            exits, 98
            keys, 95
            values, 95
      index, 181
      join, 125
      localtime, 160
      lstat, 158
      math, 265
      modules, 212
            import list, 212
      sprintf, 184
      stat, 158
      system functions, 193
      warn, 84

G[ Top ]
/g modifier (global replacements), 122
global text replacement, regular expressions and, 122
global variables, 59
globbing, 165
      alternate syntax, 166
Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), 274
greedy quantifiers, 127
grep
      arrays, 266
      list items and, 220
      regular expressions and, 101
groups
      parentheses, 103
      patterns, 103
GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces), 274

H[ Top ]
handles, directory handles, 167
hash slices, 226
hashes
      assignment, 93
            values, 94
      element interpolation, 98
      elements, access, 91
      functions
            delete, 98
            each, 96
            exists, 98
            keys, 95
            values, 95
      introduction, 88
      keys
            expressions, 92
            unquoted, 222
      reasons to use, 90
      sorting by value, 189
      unwinding, 93
Hello World program, 12
Here documents, 265
high-precision numbers, 265
high-water mark algorithm, 61

I[ Top ]
/i, case-insensitive matching, 108
if control structure, 32
      elsif clause, 139
Image::Size module, 259
imaginary numbers, 265
import list, module functions, 212
incrementing
      autodecrement operator, 140
      autoincrement operator, 140
      postdecrements, 141
      postincrements, 141
      preincrements, 141
index function, 181
indices
      arrays, 40
      substring location, 181
in-place editing from command line, 132
input
      <> (diamond) operator, 70
      standard input, 68
      user, 33
installing modules, 209, 257
instructors, 3
integer literals, 19
      nondecimal, 20
integer pragma, 19
integers, 18
interpolation
      arrays into strings, 45
      double-quote, 29
      patterns and, 112
      scalar variables, 28
invocation arguments, 70, 72
invoking subroutines (see calling subroutines)
I/O connections, filehandles, 78
items in lists
      grep and, 220
      map and, 221

J[ Top ]
join function, 125

K[ Top ]
keys, 88
      hash assignment, 94
      hashes
            expressions, 92
            unquoted, 222
      multiple, sorting by, 190
keys function, hashes, 95
keywords
      else, 32
      for, 144
      foreach, 144
      sub, 54

L[ Top ]
labeled loop blocks, 148
large numbers, 265
last operator, 145
lexical variables, 59
      blocks, 62
lib pragma, 263
libraries, 256
      modules and, 257
links, directories, 171-176
      symbolic links, 174
list context
      backquotes and, 200
      m// in, 126
list-producing expressions, scalar context, 49
lists, 38
      assign values to variables, 42
      context, 48
            scalar-producing expressions, 50
            <STDIN> operator, 51
      empty parameters, 61
      grep and, 220
      literals, 40
      map and, 221
      qw shortcut, 41
      slices, 222-224
literals
      double-quoted string, 22
      floating-point, 19
      integer, 19
      list, 40
      single-quoted string, 21
locales, support, 274
localtime function, 160
logical operators, 148
      short-circuit operators, 149
loops
      blocks, labeled, 148
      control structures, 144
lstat function, file tests, 158

M[ Top ]
m//
      list context and, 126
      regular expressions and, 107
map
      arrays and, 266
      list items and, 221
match variables, 113
      automatic, 115
      persistence, 114
matches, regular expressions
      binding operator, 111
      case-insensitive, 108
      m//, 107
      multiline text, 129
      /s, 108
      word anchors, 110
matching patterns, 102
math
      complex numbers, 265
      imaginary numbers, 265
      large numbers, 265
math functions
      advanced, 265
      high-precision numbers, 265
metacharacters, 102
modifiers in expressions, 137
modules
      CGI, 258
      CGI_Lite, 258
      CGI.pm, 214
      Cwd, 258
      DBI, 215
      documentation, 208
      Fatal, 258
      File::Basename, 211, 259
      File::Copy, 259
      File::Spec, 213, 259
      functions
            import list, 212
            limiting, 212
      Image::Size, 259
      installation, 209, 257
      libraries and, 257
      Net::SMTP, 260
      online, 208
      POSIX, 261
      prototypes, 66
      simple modules, 210
      Sys::Hostname, 261
      Text::Wrap, 261
      Time::Local, 262
      types, 208
      writing, 257
modulus operator, 20
mounted volumes, 172
multiple keys, sorting by, 190

N[ Top ]
naked blocks, 138
namespaces, packages and, 256
naming variables, 26
Net::SMTP module, 260
networking
      sockets, 267
      System V IPC, 267
newsgroups, 10
next operator, 145
non-scalar return values, 66
non-capturing parentheses, 133
non-greedy quantifiers, 127
numbering in exercises, 3
numbers
      complex, 265
      converting to/from strings, 24
      floating-point, 18
      floating-point literals, 19
      high-precision, 265
      imaginary, 265
      integer literals, 19
      integers, 18
      large, 265
      non-decimal integer literals, 20
      scalars, formats, 18
      sprintf function and, 184
numeric operators, 20

O[ Top ]
OO programming, 270
operator overload, 271
operator precedence, 29
operators
      associativity, 29
      autodecrement, 140
      autoincrement, 140
      binary assignment operators, 27
      bitwise, file tests, 160
      chomp operator, 34
      comparison, 31
      file tests, 154
      last, 145
      logical, 148
      modulus operator, 20
      next, 145
      numeric, 20
      partial-evaluation, 151
      range (..), 41
      redo, 147
      return, 64
      reverse, 47
      short-circuit, 149
      sort, 48, 186-189
      split operator, 124
      string, 23
            repetition, 23
      substr, 182
      ternary, 150
      tr///, 265
option modifiers, combining, 109
output
      backquotes and, 198-200
      buffered, 74
      formatted, printf and, 76
      print( ) operator, 28
      standard output, 68, 73
overloading operators, 271
ownership, directories, 178

P[ Top ]
packages, namespaces and, 256
parameters, lists
      empty, 61
      length, 60
parentheses, non-capturing, 133
partial-evaluation operators, 151
passing arguments to subroutines, 57
PATH environment variable, 197
patterns, 100
      anchors, 110
      groups, 103
      interpolating into, 112
      matching, 102
      parentheses, 103
      quantifiers, 102
            general quantifiers, 116
      replacement strings, 121
      test code, 118
Perl
      acquiring, 8
      creation of, 4
      current state, 7
      ease of use, 5
      popularity, 6
      support, 9
Perl course instructors, 3
Perl identifier, 26
Perl Mongers group, 10
Perl newsgroups, 10
perldoc command, 255
permissions, directories, 178
persistence, match variables, 114
pop operator, 44
portability, #! line and, 14
POSIX module, 261
postdecrements, 141
postincrements, 141
Practical Extraction and Report Language, 3
pragmas
      constant, 262
      diagnostics, 263
      lib, 263
      strict, 263
      use strict, 63
      vars, 264
      warnings, 25, 264
precedence, regular expressions, 117
preincrements, 141
print( ) operator, 28
printf
      arrays and, 77
      formatted output and, 76
printing, sprintf function, 184
private variables, subroutines, 59
processes
      environment variables, 197
      exec function, 196
      as filehandles, 201-203
      fork, 203
      output, backquotes and, 198-200
      shell avoidance, 195
      system function, 193
program creation, 11
prototypes, 66
push operator, 44

Q[ Top ]
quantifiers, 102
      general quantifiers, 116
      greedy, 127
      non-greedy, 127
qw shortcut, lists, 41

R[ Top ]
range operator (..), 41
receiving signals, 204
recursive directory listing, 168
redo operator, 147
references, 270
regular expressions, 100
      | (bar), 103
      character classes, 104
      flags, 108
            /x, 108
      further reading, 256
      introduction, 100
      match variables, 113
            persistence, 114
      matches
            binding operator, 111
            case-insensitive, 108
            m//, 107
            multiline text, 129
            /s, 108
      metacharacters, 102
      option modifiers, 108
            combining, 109
      parentheses, 133
      pattern test code, 118
      powerful, 127
      precedence, 117
      quantifiers, 102
            greedy, 127
      shortcuts, negating, 106
      text case, 123
      text file update, 129
      text replacement, global, 122
      text substitutions, 121
      whitespace, 108
renaming files, 170
return operator, 64
return values
      non-scalar, 66
      subroutines, 55
reverse operator, 47

S[ Top ]
/s, any character match in regular expressions, 108
s/// (substitution operator), 121
      delimiters, 122
scalar values, 18
      Boolean values, 33
scalar variables, 26
      assignment, 27
      binary assignment operators, 27
      interpolation, 28
      undef, 35
scalar-producing expresisons, lists, 50
scalars, 18
      context, 48
            forcing, 51
            list-producing expressions, 49
      numbers
            floating-point literals, 19
            format, 18
            non-decimal integer literals, 20
scope of variables, 59
security, 267
      taint checking, 267
sending signals, 204
shell, avoiding, 195
shift operator, 45
short-circuit operators, 149
signals, sending/receiving, 204
simple modules, 210
single-quoted string literals, 21
slices, 222-224
      array slices, 224-226
      hash slices, 226
sockets, networking and, 267
sort operator, 48, 186-189
sort subroutine, 186
sorting
      hashes, by value, 189
      multiple keys, 190
splice operator, arrays, 266
split operator, 124
sprintf function, 184
      numbers and, 184
standard error stream (STDERR), 79
standard input, 68
standard output, 68, 73
stat function, file tests, 158
STDERR (standard error stream), 79
<STDIN> operator, list context, 51
strict pragma, 263
string repetition operator, 23
strings, 21
      array interpolation to, 45
      bit strings, 162
      concatenation, 23
      converting to/from numbers, 24
      double-quoted string literals, 22
      format string, conversions, 76
      operators, 23
      single-quoted string literals, 21
      sort operator, 186-189
      split operator, 124
      substrings
            indexes and, 181
            substr operator, 182
sub keyword, 54
subroutines, 54
      ampersand and, 65
      anonymous, 270
      arguments, 57
            passing, 57
      calling, 55
      defining, 54
      modules, 66
      parameter length, 60
      position in file, 55
      prototypes, 66
      return operator, 64
      return values, 55
      sort subroutine, 186
      variables, private, 59
substitution operator (see s///)
substrings
      indexes and, 181
      substr operator, 182
support, 9
symbolic links, 174
syntax extensions, 269
Sys::Hostname module, 261
system function, 193
System V IPC, 267

T[ Top ]
taint checking, 267
ternary operator, 150
text
      file updates, regular expressions and, 129
      regular expressions and, 121-134
            case, 123
            global replacements, 122
            join function, 125
            match multiline, 129
            substitutions, 121
Text::Wrap module, 261
threads, support, 274
tied variables, 271
Time::Local module, 262
timestamps in directories, 179
tr/// operator, 265
transliteration, tr/// operator, 265
trapping errors, eval and, 217-219

U[ Top ]
undef scalar variable, 35
undef values, elements of arrays, 40
Unicode support, 274
unless control structure, 135
      else clause, 136
unquoted hash keys, 222
unshift operator, 45
until control structure, 136
unwinding hashes, 93
updating multiple files, 129
use strict pragma, 63
user input, 33
user-defined functions, subroutines, 54

V[ Top ]
values
      hash assignment, 94
      sorting hashes by, 189
values function, hashes, 95
variables
      built-in, 269
      default, 47
      environment
            PATH, 197
            processes and, 197
      global, 59
      lexical variables, 59
            blocks, 62
      list value assignment, 42
      match variables, 113
            automatic, 115
      naming, 26
      scalar
            assignment, 27
            interpolation, 28
      scalar variables, 26
      scope, 59
      subroutines, private, 59
      tied, 271
vars pragma, 264
vi, 12
void context, 57

W[ Top ]
warn function, 84
warnings, 24
warnings pragma, 264
while control, 35
whitespace, 13
      regular epxressions and, 108
word anchors, 110
writing modules, 257