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Symbols[ Top ]
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Symbols
& ampersand, 22
   && for condition tests, 230
   && in exit status syntax, 141-143
   && logical operator, 150
   as bitwise operator, 183
   (see also background jobs)
< > angle brackets, 209
   << >> bitwise operators, 183
   in I/O redirection, 20
* asterisk, 15
   for accessing entire array, 195
   as built-in variable, 100
   as command (vi-mode), 58
   as default in case statement, 161
   as regular expression operator, 114-118
   as wildcard, 17
@ at sign
   for accessing entire array, 195
   as built-in variable, 100
      as default list in for statement, 154
      as default list in select statement, 165
   for preserving whitespace, 196
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
\ backslash, 27
   as command, 57
{ } curly braces, 105
[ ] square brackets, 118
   [[...]] for comparison tests, 144-154
   [...] for condition tests (old syntax), 144
   set construct wildcards and, 16
^ caret character, 41
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as command, 48
   matching beginning of line in regular expressions, 322
: colon, 21, 109-112
, comma, as command, 56
$ dollar sign
   $@/$* variables, 100-104
   $((...)), 183
   as built-in variable, 36, 275
   as command, 48
   as pattern-substitution operator, 124
   as variable name operator, 126
. dot
   .. indicating parent of working directory, 11
   indicating hidden files, 14
   as redo command, 52
   to run scripts, 91
   indicating working directory, 11
= equal sign, 230
   == string comparison operator, 144
   as command, 58
   as string comparison operator, 144
   as variable assignment operator, 73
! exclamation point
   != string comparison operator, 144
   as built-in variable, 275
   indicating negation in character set, 16
   as negation operator, 150, 152
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
<ga> grave accent, 127
# hash mark
   ## pattern-matching operator, 121, 123, 191
   as built-in variable, 100
   as command, 59
   indicating comments, 111
   as pattern-matching operator, 121, 123, 134, 169
   size of arrays and, 196
- minus sign, 72, 277
   as command, 54
( ) parentheses
   ((...)) for arithmetic expressions, 186
   enclosing arithmetic expressions, 184
   for subshells, 286
% percent sign
   %% pattern-matching operator, 121, 134, 169, 190
   as command, 56
   as pattern-matching operator, 121-123, 158, 161
   specifying jobs, 259-261, 265
| pipe, 21, 209
   |& for two-way pipes, 283-286
   || for condition tests, 150
   || for exit statuses, 141-143
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as case pattern separator, 160
   (see also pipelines)
+ plus sign, 72
   as command, 54
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
? question mark
   as built-in variable, 138
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
   as wildcard, 15, 118
   using with ERR fake signal, 296
" " quote marks, 27, 74, 242, 246
   arithmetic expressions and, 183
   secure shell scripts and, 331
   single (' '), 26, 28, 242, 246
      trap command and, 271
; semicolon
   ;& in case statement, 164
   ;; in case statement, 166
   as command, 56
   as statement separator, 69, 145, 316
~ tilde, 10
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as command, 59
   (see also tilde notation)
_ underscore, as command, 59
Numbers
0 command, 48

A[ Top ]
-A option to read command, 233
-a option to ulimit command, 324
a/A commands, 50
a.out file, 148, 179
abbreviations for vi-mode delete commands, 51
Ada programming language, 109
adb debugger, 290
ADM-3a terminal, 54
AIX, 1
album collection task (see tasks, album collections, tracking)
algebraic notation, 284, 288
aliases, 66, 68-71, 210
   in command-line processing, 240
   customizations and, 326
   defining, 68
   in emacs-mode, 46
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
   predefined, 368
   recursive, 70
   removing, 71
   showing, 71
   tracked, 84
   in vi-mode, 59
ampersand (&), 22
   && for condition tests, 230
   && in exit status syntax, 141-143
   && logical operator, 150
   as bitwise operator, 183
   (see also background jobs)
angle brackets (< >), 209
   << >> bitwise operators, 183
   in I/O redirection, 20
Apple, Macintosh OS X by, 257, 388
arguments, 7
arithmetic comparison operators, 153
arithmetic expressions, 177-193, 204
   in command-line processing, 240
   condition tests for, 186
   operators for, 183-185
arithmetic facility, 374
arithmetic for loop, 203
arrays, 194-199
   assignment with set -A, 203
   associative, 197
   extracting values from, 195
   indexed, 194-197
   initializing, 195, 203
   size of, 196
ASCII character set, 16
assemblers, 147
assembly language, 147-149
associative arrays, 197
asterisk (*), 15
   for accessing entire array, 195
   as built-in variable, 100
   as command (vi-mode), 58
   as default in case statement, 161
   as regular expression operator, 114-118
   as wildcard, 17
at sign (@)
   for accessing entire array, 195
   as built-in variable, 100
      as default list in for statement, 154
      as default list in select statement, 165
   for preserving whitespace, 196
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
AT&T, 4
AT&T UWIN, 365
awk command, 118, 245
   using instead of cut, 129
   using instead of pr -n, 308
   vs. Korn shell, 117-119

B[ Top ]
b/B commands, 48
background jobs, 22-25, 93, 261
   creating, 259
   process IDs and, 275
   saving standard output and error of, 215
   with two-way pipes, 283
   ways to refer to, 259-266
backreferences, 118
backslash (\), 27
   as command, 57
backslash-escaping, 27
basename command, 123
bash shell, 5, 351-355
bc command, 284
Bell Laboratories, 4
bg command, 262
bgnice option, 72
   coroutines and, 280
biff command, 76
/bin directory, 81
/bin/bsh, 321
/bin/sh, 321
bitwise operators, 183
blocks of code (see code blocks)
Bourne shell, 3-5, 33, 72, 338-341
   command substitution and, 127
   functions and, 94
   installing Korn shell as, 321
Bourne, Stephen, 3
brace expansion, 240
brackets [ ], 118
   [[...]] for comparison tests, 144-154
break statement, 166
breakpoints, 308
BSD, 1, 3, 47
   pr -n and, 308
   ps command and, 269
built-in commands
   in command-line processing, 241
   help for, 7
   list of, 367
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
   restricted shell and, 333
built-in variables, 75-86
   (see also environment variables)

C[ Top ]
C command, 52
C compilers, 121, 147-149, 178-182
   options for, 180
   as pipelines, 251-254
-c option to ulimit command, 324
C programming language, 3, 17, 91, 186
   vs. assembly language, 147
   break statement and, 166
   case statement and, 160
   code blocks and, 229
   for loop and, 154
   while loop and, 167
C shell, 3-5, 132
   command substitution and, 127
   filename completion and, 42
   history mechanism in, 33, 35, 60
   pushd and popd commands in, 131
   setuid shell scripts and, 335
C++ programming language, 254
caret character (^)
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as command, 48
   matching beginning of line in regular expressions, 322
   search commands and, 41
case statement, 136, 160-164
   I/O redirection and, 228
   shift command and, 175
   syntax for, 160
case-changing commands (emacs-mode), 46
cat command, 19
   kshdb debugging tool and, 302
   sending email and, 275
cc command, 52
cd commands, 11
   cd - and, 12
      vs. stacks, 132
   restricted shell and, 332
CDPATH variable, 85
central processing units (CPUs), 280
character sets, 16
character-based user interfaces, 1
character-finding commands, 55
characters, special (see special characters)
chmod command, 92
close system call, 279
code blocks, 229-231
   piping output to, 230
   redirecting standard I/O to, 229
   vs. subshells, 287
code, examples of (see tasks)
colon (:), 109-112
   separating fields, 21
COLUMNS variable, 75
comma (,), as command, 56
command completion, 42
command lines, 2, 7
command number, 78
command substitution, 34, 127-131
   here-documents and, 212
   I/O redirection within, 127
   order in command-line processing, 240
   shown in xtrace output, 292
command-line editing, 33-64
   enabling, 34
command-line options, 172-182
   list of, 366-379
command-line processing, 236-254
   within condition tests, 144
   effect of eval on, 248
   effect of quoting on, 242
   example of, 241
   order of steps in, 238
commands, 7
   in emacs-mode, 36-38
   finding, 81-84
      order of precedence for, 95, 238
      tracked aliases and, 84
   miscellaneous
      in emacs-mode, 43-46
      in vi-mode, 59
   for navigating history file
      in emacs-mode, 40
      in vi-mode, 53-55
   spanning more than one line, 29
   in vi-mode, 48, 51-53
comment lines, filtering out with grep command, 230
comments in scripts, 111
compound statements, redirecting I/O to, 228
compound variables, 105-107
condition tests, 144-154, 183
   arithmetic, 186, 188
      integer values as truth values, 310
   arithmetic comparison operators for, 153
   file attribute operators for, 149-152, 251
   old syntax for, 144
   processing text within, 144
   string comparison operators for, 144-149, 230
   in while and until constructs, 168
conditionals (see if statement)
constants, setting up in shell scripts, 206
continue statement, 171
control keys, 30-32
   editing-mode clashes with, 34
   emacs-mode and, 36
   finger habits and, 63
   signals and, 263
control mode, 47
core dumps, 263, 272, 287, 325
coroutines, 258, 278-285
   advantages/disadvantages of, 280
   on multiple-CPU computers, 281-283
   pipelines as example of, 278
   with two-way pipes, 283-286
cp command, 20
CPUs (central processing units), 280
csh shell (see C shell)
.cshrc file, 89
   setuid shell scripts and, 335
CTRL-\ command, 31, 287
   signals and, 263
CTRL-A command, 40
CTRL-B command, 37
CTRL-C command, 31, 40
   vs. CTRL-Z command, 261, 263
   signals and, 263
   suspending jobs with, 261
CTRL-D command, 31, 38, 275
   caution with, 37
   for ending shell sessions, 7
   select loop and, 166
CTRL-E command, 40
CTRL-F command, 37
CTRL-H command, 31, 37
CTRL-J command, 43
CTRL-K command, 40
CTRL-L command, 43, 59
CTRL-M command, 30, 43
CTRL-N command, 40
CTRL-O command, 43
CTRL-P command, 40
CTRL-Q command, 31
CTRL-R command, 40
CTRL-S command, 31
CTRL-T command, 43
CTRL-U command, 31, 43
CTRL-V command, 43, 59
CTRL-W command, 43
CTRL-]x command, 43
CTRL-X CTRL-E command, 43
CTRL-X CTRL-X command, 43
CTRL-Y command, 37
   retrieving words with, 39
CTRL-Z command, 261-263
   signals and, 263
CTRL-@ command, 43
CTRL-[ command, 43
curly braces ({ }), 105
current directory (see working directory)
cursor, 45
cut command, 19, 21, 129
   using to access user account information, 212
   awk command and, 129, 245
   -c (extract columns), 131
   -d (field delimiter), 129
cygwin environment, 363

D[ Top ]
D command, 52
-d file attribute operator, 149, 169
-d option
   to read command, 233
   to ulimit command, 324
d$ command, 51
d0 command, 51
daemons, 269
Darwin, 388
data funnels, 20
date command, 20, 183
db/dB commands, 51
dc command, 284, 288
dd command, 52
DEBUG fake signal, 295, 298
   kshdb limitations and, 313
debugger functions, 299, 304
debuggers, 179, 290
debugging
   core dumps for, 325
   options for, 291-294
      turning on and off, 294
   shell code, 291-320
      (see also kshdb debugging tool)
default case (C programming language), 161
DEL command, 31, 36
delete buffer, 52
deleting elements, mark and, 45
deletion commands (vi-mode), 51-53
Desk Top Korn shell (dtksh), 347
/dev/null file, 142
dh command, 51
diff, 24, 137
directories, 9-14
   home (login), 10
   remembering, 131
dirname command, 123
dirs command, 131
DJGPP suite, 363
dl command, 51
dollar sign ($)
   $@/$* variables, 100-104
   $((...)), 183
   as built-in variable, 36, 275
   as command, 48
   as pattern-substitution operator, 124
   as variable name operator, 126
dot (.)
   .. indicating parent of working directory, 11
   indicating hidden files, 14
   as redo command, 52
   to run scripts, 91
   indicating working directory, 11
double quotes (" "), 27, 74, 242, 246
   arithmetic expressions and, 183
   secure shell scripts and, 331
downloads, AT&T web site for, 387
driver script (kshdb debugging tool), 301
dtksh shell, 347
dup system call, 279
dw/dW command, 51

E[ Top ]
-e file attribute operator, 149, 156
-e option
   to hist command, 61-63
   to print command, 219
e/E commands, 48
EBCDIC character set, 16
echo command, 5, 73
   using print command instead of, 218
ed line editor, 88, 211
editing (see command-line editing)
editing commands (vi-mode), 47
editing modes, 34
   customizing, 327-329
EDITOR variable, 75, 88
-ef file attribute operator, 149
egrep command, 118
   vs. Korn shell, 117-119
elif (see if statement)
else clause, 136
Emacs editor, 34, 36, 45, 87
   finger habits and, 63
   regular expressions and, 115
   search commands and, 41
emacs option, 72
emacs-mode, 36-47
   basic commands for, 36-38
   case-changing commands for, 46
   command subset for, 63
   commands for (list), 376
   customizations and, 326
   enabling, 34
   history commands for, 40
   line commands for, 39
   miscellaneous commands for, 43-46
   terminal requirements for, 37
   word commands for, 38
ENTER key/character, quoting, 29
ENV variable, 88
environment, 65-90
   customizing, 323-327
      hints for, 90
      via programming, 91-134
   (see also shells)
environment files, 34, 88
   in shell subprocess, 286
   system-wide unavailable to Korn shell, 326
environment variables, 34, 61, 87
   creating, 87
   customizations and, 326
   displaying, 88
   restricted shell and, 333
   subprocess inheritance and, 286
   visibility in shell subprocesses, 93
   (see also built-in variables)
-eq arithmetic comparison operator, 153
equal sign (=), 230
   == string comparison operator, 144
   as command, 58
   as string comparison operator, 144
   as variable assignment operator, 73
ERR fake signal, 295-298
ESC commands, 39-43
/etc/hosts file, 229
/etc/passwd file, 21, 245
   restricting user login shell and, 332
   user account information and, 212
/etc/profile file, 67, 165
   aliases defined in, 326
   environment customization and, 323
/etc/suid_profile file, 335
/etc/termcap file, 80
eval command, 248-254
   for constructing pipelines, 248, 251-254
exclamation point (!)
   != string comparison operator, 144
   as built-in variable, 275
   indicating negation in character set, 16
   as negation operator, 150, 152
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
exec statement, kshdb debugging tool and, 302
exec system call, 279
executable files, 9, 81, 147
   a.out file and, 148
   in command-line processing, 241
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
   renaming with mv command, 159
   setuid bit and, 334-336
   while loop and, 170
execution tracing, 310
exit command, 275
   for ending shell sessions, 7
EXIT fake signal, 295
   limitations and, 313
exit statuses, 137-143, 146
   combining, 141-143
   in job status messages, 259
   trapping when non-zero, 296-298
export command, 87, 205
   FPATH variable and, 327
expr command, 183

F[ Top ]
-f file attribute operator, 149
-f option, 205
   to print command, 219
   to typeset command, suboptions for, 206
   to ulimit command, 324
-F option to ls command, 69
fake signals, 294-298
   kshdb and, 313
fake traps, 327-329
false command, 271
fg command, 259-261
   for resuming suspended jobs, 262
fi (see if statement)
file attribute operators, 149
file command, 170, 316
file descriptors, 210, 214-216
   I/O redirection to/from, 209, 215, 232
filename completion
   in emacs-mode, 42
   in vi-mode, 57
filename expansion
   in emacs-mode, 42
   in vi-mode, 58
filename generation, 241
filenames, 14-18
files, 8
   cleaning up, 275
   environment, 88
   executable (see executable files)
   ls command for listing, 14
   modification times of, 250
   permissions for, 92, 323
   printing information about, 151
   temporary, 275
   types of, 8
find command, 27
finger command, 155
finger habits, 63
flow control, 135-171
   summary of constructs for, 136
for loop, 136, 154-160
   arithmetic, 203
   lists of names in, 154
   syntax for, 154
foreground jobs, 23
fork system call, 279
Fortran programming language, 153
FPATH variable, 327
from command, 89
-ft option to typeset command, 294
full pathnames, 10
functions, 94-99, 206
   in command-line processing, 241
   deleting, 94
   local variables in, 200
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
   recursive, 288
   syntax for, 94
   system-wide, 327
   tracing execution of, 206, 294
fx/Fx commands, 56

G[ Top ]
G command, 54
-G file attribute operator, 149
gdb/dbx debuggers, 325
-ge arithmetic comparison operator, 153
getopts command, 176, 183
   using, 379-385
GNU Emacs, 44
GNU/Linux, 1
Gosling (Unipress) Emacs, 43
graphical user interfaces (GUIs), 1, 285
grave accent (<ga>), 127
greedy/non-greedy matching, 125
grep command, 19
   exit status and, 142
   filtering out comment lines with, 230
   -i option for, 131
group leaders, 267
-gt arithmetic comparison operator, 153
GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 1, 285
gunzip command, 23
gzip command, 23

H[ Top ]
h command, 48
hangup (HUP), 276
hard/soft limits, 325
hash mark (#)
   ## pattern-matching operator, 121, 123, 191
   as built-in variable, 100
   as command, 59
   indicating comments, 111
   as pattern-matching operator, 121, 123, 134, 169
   size of arrays and, 196
head command, 188
   string operators and, 110
header lines, extracting, 211
help, 7
here-documents, 211-213
   deleting leading TABs in, 213
hidden files, 14, 66
hist command, 33, 35, 60-63
   -l option to, 62
HISTCMD variable, 79
HISTEDIT variable, 61, 75
HISTFILE variable, 35, 75, 87
history alias, 61
history file, 35
   navigating
      in emacs-mode, 40
      in vi-mode, 53-55
   printing to, 220
history mechanism, in C shell, 33, 35, 60
HISTSIZE variable, 36
HOME variable, 86
   using to replace tilde, 240
hostname command, 128
HP-UX, 1
--html option for HTML output, 8
HUP (hangup), 276

I[ Top ]
-i option, 206
   to grep command, 131
   to typeset command, 205
i/I commands, 50
I/O, 18
   background jobs and, 23
   break conditions and, 310
   file redirection and, 189
   two-way pipes and, 283
I/O redirection, 20, 209-216
   to code blocks, 229
   with exec statement, 302
   to/from file descriptors for, 209, 215, 232, 235
   to multiline flow-control constructs, 228
   order of in command-line processing, 241
   restricted shell and, 333
if statement, 136-154, 192, 204
   I/O redirection and, 228
   syntax for, 136
IFS variable, 100, 102, 236
   read command and, 225
   role in command-line processing, 240
ignoreeof option, 72
   customizations and, 326
indexed arrays, 194-197
indirect variable references, 107
input (see entries at I/O)
input mode, 47
   entering, 50
INT signal, 264, 276
   trap on, 273
integer comparison operators, 153
internal field separator (see IFS variable)
Internet, 211
interprocess communication (IPC), 263
invocation options, 366-379

J[ Top ]
j command, 54
job control, 259-263
job numbers, 258-260, 288
jobs, 258-263, 288
   background (see background jobs)
   priority assigned to, 24
   resuming, 262
   suspending, 261
   ways to refer to, 259-265, 272
   (see also processes)
jobs command, 23
   -p option for, 266
   vs. ps command, 267
Joy, Bill, 3

K[ Top ]
k command, 54
KEYBD fake signal, 295, 327-329
keywords
   in command-line processing, 238
   list of, 367
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
kill command, 264-266, 269
   -l option to, 263
   process IDs and, 268
KILL signal, 264, 266
Korn shell
   1988 version, 341-344
   1993 version, 4-6, 390-396
   vs. awk/egrep regular expressions, 117-119
   building from source code, 386-389
   customizing, 321
   options for invoking (list), 366-379
   security for, 321, 329-336
   versions/features of, ix, 5
Korn, David, 4, 386
ksh shell (see Korn shell)
ksh88, 341-344
ksh93, 4-6
   source code license agreement for, 390-396
kshdb debugging tool, 290, 301-320
   commands for, 305-312
   limitations of, 312
   sample session of, 313-315
   source code for, downloading, 301
.kshrc file, 89

L[ Top ]
l command, 48
-L file attribute operator, 149
-l option
   to hist command, 60
   to jobs command, 260
   to kill command, 263
   to ls command, 14
-L string formatting option, 203
-l string formatting option, 204
-le arithmetic comparison operator, 153
left angle bracket (<), 209
length operators, 126
let command, 187-192
   (see also arithmetic expressions)
LINENO variable, 293, 297
LINES variable, 75
linkers/linking, 147-149
   C compilers and, 179
   case statement and, 161
LISP programming language, 18, 137
locales, 16
login name, prompts and, 78
LOGNAME variable, 87
logout file, 68
lp command, 10, 21
ls command, 14
   -F option for, 69
   -l option for, 130
-lt arithmetic comparison operator, 153

M[ Top ]
-m option to ulimit command, 324
Macintosh OS X (Apple), 257, 388
macros
   in emacs-mode, 46
   in vi-mode, 59
mail command, 274
mail program, 76-78, 87, 275-278
   sending messages from, 129
MAIL variable, 76
MAILCHECK variable, 76
MAILPATH variable, 76-78, 82
make utility, 250
man command, 92, 269
--man option for printing help articles, 8
man pages, 8
mark (emacs-mode), 45
markdirs option, 72
metacharacters, 238
Microsoft Windows, 15, 257
minus sign (-), 72
   as command, 54
   for trap command, 277
mkfifo command, 263
MKS Toolkit, 364
Modula programming language, 109
more command, 21, 80
MS-DOS, 15, 63
   filename format for, translating to Unix-friendly format, 157-159
   multitasking and, 257
multitasking, 257
mv command, 159, 276
   C compilers and, 179

N[ Top ]
-n option
   to jobs command, 260
   to print command, 113, 152, 204, 219
   to read command, 233
   to sort command, 2
   to ulimit command, 324
-n string comparison operator, 144, 165
n/N commands, 54
namerefs, 107
-ne arithmetic comparison operator, 153
nice command, 25
noclobber option, 72, 211
   customizations and, 326
noexec option, 292, 294
noglob option, 72
nohup command, 277
non-greedy matching, 125
--nroff option for command help, 8
-nt file attribute operator, 149, 251
null string, 101
numeric variables, 177-193
numerical order, -n option for, 2

O[ Top ]
-O file attribute operator, 149
object-code libraries, 179
   C runtime library and, 180, 182
octal notation, 323
OLDPWD variable, 86, 132
OpenVMS, 15, 22
   filenames and, 115
   multitasking and, 257
OPTARG variable, 177
OPTIND variable, 177
options, 7, 66, 71-73
   command-line (see command-line options)
   emacs, 35
   keyword, 87
   processing with arguments, 175
   turning on/off, 72
   vi, 35
orphans, 269, 279
-ot file attribute operator, 149
otherwise case (Pascal-derived languages), 161
output (see entries at I/O)

P[ Top ]
-p option
   to jobs command, 260, 266
   to print command, 219, 283, 285
   to read command, 233, 283, 285
   to ulimit command, 324
   to whence command, 127
p/P commands, 52
parallelizing shell scripts, 281-283
parameter substitution, 212
parameters (see arguments)
parameters, positional (see positional parameters)
parent process ID (PPID), 275
parentheses ( )
   ((...)) for arithmetic expressions, 186
   enclosing arithmetic expressions, 184
   grouping condition tests, 150
   for subshells, 150, 286
Pascal programming language, 91, 100, 109
   case statement and, 160
   for loop and, 154
   until condition and, 167
   while loop and, 167
PATH variable, 81-84, 87
   security problems with, 83
pathnames
   full/relative, 10
   restricted shell and, 333
pattern matching, 119
pattern-matching operators, 121-123, 169, 190
   syntax for, 121
pattern-substitution operators, 123-125
patterns, 113-123
PCs, 80
   Korn shell emulation for, 363-365
pdksh shell, 350
percent sign (%)
   %% pattern-matching operator, 121, 134, 169, 190
   as command, 56
   as pattern-matching operator, 121-123, 158, 161
   specifying jobs, 259-261, 265
performance
   optimizing C compliers and, 180
   processes and, 280
permissions, 92
pipe (|), 21, 209
   || for condition tests, 150
   || for exit statuses, 141-143
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as case pattern separator, 160
   (see also pipelines)
pipe system call, 279
pipelines, 21, 238
   to code blocks, 230
   system calls used in, 278
   two-way, 283-286
plus sign (+), 72
   as command, 54
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
point (place location), 37
   mark and, 45
popd command, 131-134, 145
   customizations and, 327
popd function, 189-193
   additional arguments for, 189
popping, 131-134
Portable Operating System Interface (see POSIX)
positional parameters, 100-104, 172, 293, 303
   in functions, 101
   number of, 100
   syntaxes for, 104
POSIX, 344-347
   character class additions and, 116
PPID variable, 275
pr, using awk instead of pr -n, 308
preamble, 303
predefined aliases, 368
print command, 26, 73, 218-220
   as debugging aid, 291
   for emulating eval, 248
   escape sequences for, 219
   -n option for, 113, 152, 204
   options for, 219
   -p option for, 283, 285
priority, 24
privileged mode, 335
process IDs, 258
   printing, 288
   variables for, 275
process substitution, 240
processes, 257
   group leaders, 269
   in pathological states, 269, 279
   performance and, 280
   (see also jobs)
.profile file, 66
   vs. environment file, 89
   restricted shell and, 333
programming, 91-134
prompts, 78, 232
   customizing
      with current directory, 243-246
      with machine name, 128
   tildize function and, 245
ps command, 266-269, 288
   vs. jobs command, 267
PS1 variable, 78, 128
   customizations and, 326
   quoting and, 243-246
PS2 variable, 78
PS3 variable, 78, 166
PS4 variable, 78, 293, 305
public domain Korn shell (pdksh), 350
pushd command, 131-134
   customizations and, 327
   improving upon, 137, 150
pushd function, 189-193
   additional arguments for, 189
pushing, 131-134
PWD variable, 79, 86

Q[ Top ]
question mark (?)
   as built-in variable, 138
   as regular expression operator, 114, 117
   as wildcard, 15, 118
   using with ERR fake signal, 296
QUIT signal, 264-266
quote marks (" "), 27, 74, 242, 246
   arithmetic expressions and, 183
   secure shell scripts and, 331
   (see also single quotes)
quoting, 26-29, 242
   character strings, rules for, 183
   command substitution with double quotes, 127
   extended, 246
   variables and, 74

R[ Top ]
r alias, 62
-r file attribute operator, 149
r/R commands, 50
-r/R options, 205
   to print command, 219
   to read command, 233
RANDOM variable, 296
read command, 225-234
   options for, 233, 235
   -p option for, 283, 285
   -s option for, 306
   syntax for, 225
   for user input, 231-233
readonly command, 206
redo command, 52
reference appendix, 366-385
regexp operators, 113
regular expressions, 113-120
   vs. awk and egrep, 116-118
   in command-line processing, 241
   operators for, 114
   pattern matching with, 119
   syntax for, 114
   wildcards and, 113, 118
relative pathnames, 10
repeat counts, 44, 48
REPLY variable
   in read statement, 226
   in select statement, 165, 167, 196
resources for further reading
   Emacs editor, 34
   regular expressions, 113
   Unix security, 336
   vi editor, 34
resources, controlling with ulimit command, 324-326
restricted shell, 332
return statement, 139
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), 284, 288
right angle bracket (>), 209
rksh shell, 332
rm command, 275
root user, 9, 325
RPN (Reverse Polish Notation), 284, 288
runaway processes, terminating with, 268

S[ Top ]
-s file attribute operator, 149
-s option
   to hist command, 62
   to print command, 220
   to read command, 233, 306
   to ulimit command, 324
s/S commands, 52
scripts, 91-94
   built-in commands implemented as, 92
   in command-line processing, 241
   comments in, 111
   order of precedence in command lookup, 95
SECONDS variable, 86
security, 329-336
   PATH variable and, 83
   restricted shell for, 332
sed command, 19
select statement, 136, 164-167
   I/O redirection and, 228
   syntax for, 164
semicolon (;)
   ;& in case statement, 164
   ;; in case statement, 166
   as command, 56
   as statement separator, 69, 145, 316
set command, 103, 195, 203
set construct wildcards, 16
set +o command, 72, 291-294
set -o command, 72, 291-294
   options for (list), 372
   privileged mode and, 335
set user ID, 334-336
setuid shell scripts, 334-336
   caution with, 335
sh shell (see Bourne shell)
.sh_history file, 35
shell compilers, 290
shell subprocesses, 92-94, 286-288
   inheritance and, 286
SHELL variable, 86
shell variables, 72-86, 99-105
   list of, 369
   naming conventions for, 73
shells, 1-18, 337-365
   customizing, 65-90
      hints for, 90
      via programming, 91-134
   installing Korn shell as standard, 321
   using interactively, 7
   options for, 71
shift command, 173-175, 177
signals, 259, 263-268
   fake (see fake signals)
   ignoring, 276
   obtaining list of, 263
   sending with control keys, 263
   shell subprocesses and, 286
   specifying in trap command, 271
single quotes (' '), 26, 28, 242, 246
   trap command and, 271
sleep command, 271
SNOBOL programming language, 100
soft/hard limits, 325
Solaris, 1
sort command, 19-22
   background jobs and, 23
   -n option to, 2
   string operators and, 110
space command, 48
special characters, 25-28, 104
   (see also wildcards)
spell command, 92
square brackets [ ], 118
   [[...]] for comparison tests, 144-154
   [...] for condition tests (old syntax), 144
stacks, 131
standard I/O (see entries at I/O)
stepping, 307
?string command, 54
/string command, 54
string comparison operators, 144
string I/O, 218-236
string operators, 108-127
   syntax for, 109-113
stty command, 30, 264
subprocesses, 86-89
subshells, 286-288, 313
sudo program, 336
SunOS, 1
superuser, 325
switch statement (C programming language), 160
symbolic links, 9, 12-14
symbols (see special characters; wildcards)
system calls, 278
System V
   pr -n and, 308
   ps command and, 267
   Release 4 of, 4

T[ Top ]
-t option
   to read command, 233
   to ulimit command, 324
TAB command, 42
tail command, 160
tasks, xii, 91
   album collections, tracking, 110
      fields/columns for, 128
   background jobs, killing, 266
   calculator program, writing, 284
   email
      composer for, 274
      sending to users, 129, 212
   files
      contents of two, printing side-by-side, 235
      finding by modification date, 130
      information about, printing, 151
      size of output in, 188
      translating names from MS-DOS to Unix-friendly format, 157
   front-end for C compiler
      compile source files and, 281
      using Korn shell script as, 122
   header lines, extracting, 211
   log files, creating, 215
   logged on users, identifying, 155
   ls command, multicolumn output for, 203
   make utility, implementing, 250
   numbers on command line, adding, 193
   pathnames, removing directory prefix from, 123
   prompt string, customizing, 243
   stacks, implementing, 131
   terminal type, identifying, 162
      cleaner solution for, 196
   whence command, writing simplified version of, 168
TCP/IP networks, 229
tee command, 215
temporary files, 275
TERM signal, 264-266, 272, 276
TERM variable, 80, 87
   for identifying terminal type, 162
      cleaner solution for, 196
   select statement and, 165-167
termcap, 80
terminal type, identifying, 162
   cleaner solution for, 196
terminfo, 80, 166
test command, 144
test operators, list of, 371
tests (see condition tests)
text editors, 80
text files (see files)
text, changing in input mode, 50
Thompson Automation Software Toolkit, 364
Thompson shell, 113
thrashing, 280
tilde (~), 10
   as bitwise operator, 183
   as command, 59
tilde notation, 10, 17, 244
tildize function, 245
tksh shell, 349
TMOUT variable
   customizations and, 326
   in read statement, 235
   in select statement, 167
/tmp directory, 275, 302
tokens, 238
TOPS-20, filename completion and, 42
   in vi-mode, 57
tr command, 19, 157, 204
trackall option, 72
transpose characters command, 44
trap command, 270-272
   ignoring signals and, 276
   resetting traps and, 277
   syntax for, 271
traps, 270-278
   before every statement, 298
   for fake signals, 294-298, 304, 306
   within functions, 272-274
   for ignoring signals, 276
   resetting, 277
   shell subprocesses and, 286
trojan horses, 333
true command, 271
TSTP signal, 264
tty, 162
two-way pipes, 283-286
   vs. standard pipes, 285
tx/Tx commands, 56
typeset command, 200-208
   -ft option for, 294
   function options for, 206
   kshdb limitations and, 313
   using to make variables local to functions, 102
   with no arguments, 207
   options for
      list of, 373
      turning off, 203
   string formatting options for, 202-205, 235
   syntax for, 200
   type and attribute options for, 205-208

U[ Top ]
-u option
   to print command, 219
   to read command, 233
u/U commands, 52
ulimit command, 324-326
umask command, 323
unalias command, 71
underscore (_), as command, 59
Unipress Emacs, 43
Unix
   Command Syntax Standard Rules for, 176, 178
   Programmer's Manual for, 258, 269
   ps command and, 266
   signals and, 263
   utilities for, 19
   versions of, viii, 1, 3
Unix man pages, 8
Unix System Laboratories (USL), 4
Unix terminal interface, 44
   control key clashes and, 34
until condition, 136, 167, 171
   I/O redirection and, 228
   syntax for, 168
   vs. while loop, 168
URLs
   AT&T Labs-Research, 387
   AT&T UWIN, 365
   bash shell, download for, 351
   cygwin environment, 363
   DJGPP suite, 364
   dtksh presentation, 348
   Free Software Foundation, 351
   IEEE, 345
   Korn shell home page, 386
   kshdb debugging tool, download for, 301
   Linux Journal, 348
   MKS Toolkit, 364
   NetBSD, 388
   OpenBSD, 388
   pdksh, download for, 350
   Purdue University's Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security, 329
   Specialized Systems Consultants, Inc., xvi
   sudo program, 336
   for this book, 301
   Thompson Automation Software Toolkit, 364
   tksh home page, 349
   zsh shell, download for, 355
user interfaces, 1
user-controlled multitasking, 257
username, prompts and, 78
USL (Unix System Laboratories), 4
/usr/bin directory, 81
/usr/lib directory, 302

V[ Top ]
v command, 59
-v option
   to ulimit command, 324
   to whence command, 95, 316
variable name operators, 126
variables, 66, 72-86
   appending new value to, 105
   built-in, 73-86
   in command-line processing, 240
   compound, 105-107
   defining, 73
   deleting, 73
   environment (see environment variables)
   floating-point, 186-189
   global, 101
   integer, 186-192, 206
   in Korn shell vs. conventional programming languages, 100
   listing, 207
   local (in functions), 101, 200
   manipulating indirectly, 107
   numeric, 177-193
   quoting rules and, 74
   shell (see shell variables)
   value of
      full syntax for, 104
      short form for, 73
verbose option, 291
Version 7, 3
vi editor, 34, 47, 87
vi option, 72
vi-mode, 47-60
   case-changing command for, 59
   character-finding commands for, 55-57
   commands for (list), 377
   control mode commands for, 48
   customizations and, 326
   cut and paste commands for, 52
   deletion commands for, 51-53
   enabling, 34
   entering/changing text in, 50
   history file, navigating in, 53-55
   miscellaneous commands for, 59
   undelete commands for, 52
VISUAL variable, 34, 75
VM/CMS, 22
   multitasking and, 257
VT100 terminal, 80

W[ Top ]
-w file attribute operator, 149
w/W commands, 48
wait system call, 279
watchpoints, 310
wc utility, 189
weak quotes (" "), 27, 74
whence command, 34
   -p option for, 127
   -v option for, 95, 316
   writing simplified version of, 168
while loop, 136, 167-171
   comment lines and, 230
   I/O redirection and, 228
   illustrating $((...)) mechanism, 190
   syntax for, 168
   vs. until condition, 168
whitespace, preserving in arrays, 196
who command, 130
wildcard expansion, 17
wildcards, 14-18
   in alias expansions, 70
   expansion of in command-line processing, 241
   regular expressions and, 113, 118
   types of, 14
Windows (Microsoft), 15, 257
words, 2
   in command-line processing, 238
   in vi-mode, 48
working directory, 10
   changing, 11
   prompts and, 78

X[ Top ]
@x command, 59
-x file attribute operator, 149, 169
-x option, 205
X Window System, 36, 80
x/X commands, 52
xterm, 36, 80
xtrace option, 292-294

Y[ Top ]
y command, 52
y.tab.c file, 122

Z[ Top ]
-z string comparison operator, 144-146
zombies, 269
zsh shell, 355-363