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Symbols[ Top ]
+ (plus sign)
      in adjacent-sibling selectors, 49
      in property syntax, xii
<> (angle brackets) in property syntax, xii
> (greater-than symbol) in child selectors, 48
@import directive, 18
| (vertical bar)
      in attribute selector, 43
      in property syntax, xii
|| (vertical double bar) in property syntax, xii
~ (tilde) in attribute selectors, 41

A[ Top ]
a element, 51
absolute length units, 84
absolute positioning, 303, 317
      containing blocks and, 303, 317
      height and width affecting, 320
      nonreplaced elements, 323
      on z-axis, 329
      replaced elements, 327
      scrolling and, 319
      stacking context and order for, 331
absolute URL, 90
ActiveBorder system color, 398
ActiveCaption system color, 398
adjacent-sibling combinator, 49
adjacent-sibling selectors, 49, 492
align attribute, img element, 283
alignment
      justified, 133, 145
      of baseline, 141
      of cell content, 366
      of middle of element, 141
      spacing and, 145
      superscripting and subscripting, 139
      to baseline, 138
      to bottom of line box, 140
      to bottom of text, 140
      vertical, 134
alink attribute, body element
      active pseudo-class and, 54
alt attribute, attribute selectors used with, 39
alternate style sheets, 16
alternate stylesheet attribute, 16
ancestors of elements, 45
angle brackets (<>) in property syntax, xii
angle values, 92
animated cursors, 404
AppWorkspace system color, 398
aspect value of font, 119
asterisk (*)
      as universal selector, 28, 32
      in property syntax, xii
attribute selectors, 38-43, 493, 494
      applying to multiple attributes, 39, 40
      exact-value attribute selectors, 39
      partial-value attribute selectors, 41
      particular attribute selectors, 43
      simple attribute selectors, 38, 493
      specificity of, 63
attribute values, as generated content, 383
audio rendering of content, 442
aural media type, 14, 430
aural styles, 429
      background sounds for, 442
      cues in speech, 441, 485
      pauses in speech, 439, 486
      positioning sounds for, 443, 484, 485
      specifying content to be spoken, 488
      speech rate for, 433, 489
      units used with, 92
      voice used for, 436, 487, 490
      volume for, 434
author as origin, 71
azimuth property, 443, 446, 484

B[ Top ]
background, 253
      colors for, 249, 254, 450
      design issues regarding, 260
      extending into padding, 210, 239, 253
      extending to borders, 223, 224
      floated elements and, 294
      for columns and column groups, 345
      for empty table cells, 354
      of content area, 158
      print styles not including, 414
background attribute, body element, 256
background images, 256, 280, 450
      attaching to viewing area, 275-279, 449
      inheritance and, 259
      origin image, 264
      positioning, 264-273, 450
      scrolling, 276
      special effects with, 277
      tiling, 256, 257, 261, 273
background property, 280, 449
background sounds, 487
Background system color, 398
background-attachment property, 449
background-color property, 254, 256, 450
      combining with background-image property, 260
background-image property, 257, 450
      combining with background-color property, 260
background-position property, 264, 450
      default values for, 270
      keyword values for, 266
      length values for, 270
      negative values for, 271
      percentage values for, 267
background-repeat property, 261, 451
backslash (\) escaping linefeeds, 383
backward accessibility with older browsers, 19
ball spinning, cursor, 403
baselines
      aligning elements using, 138, 141
      replaced elements and, 196
bidirectional text, 476
bleeding outside page box, 426
block boxes
      for floated elements, 286
      for list items, 370, 377
      for positioned elements, 303
      for table captions, 350
      for tables, 341
      forcing with display property, 9, 203
      overlapping floated elements, 297
      page breaks between, 423
      run-in elements and, 203
block, containing, 159
block-level elements, 8, 9, 160, 201
      boundaries of, 161
      horizontal formatting of, 161
blur radius for text shadow, 152
body element
      alink attribute, 54
      as containing block for positioned elements, 319
      background attribute, 256
      color attributes replaced with color property, 249
      inheritance of background styles, 69
      link and vlink attributes, 52
bold text used in this book, xi
border property, 69, 236, 451
border-bottom property, 170, 451
border-bottom-color property, 451
border-bottom-style property, 452
border-bottom-width property, 452
border-collapse property, 352, 478
border-color property, 159, 231, 251, 452
border-left property, 163, 453
border-left-color property, 232, 453
border-left-style property, 227, 453
border-left-width property, 454
border-right property, 163, 454
border-right-color property, 454
border-right-style property, 455
border-right-width property, 455
borders, 158, 159, 223-238, 404
      as foreground of element, 247
      background extending to, 223, 224
      color of, 159, 224, 226, 231, 251, 451-456
      enabling existence of, 224, 230
      for columns and column groups, 344
      for inline replaced elements, 195
      for inline-level elements, 192, 237
      for table cells, 352, 353, 355, 478
      hiding, 224
      padding and, 239
      sides of, 236, 451, 453, 454, 456
      style of, 224, 226, 452, 453, 455, 456
      transparent, 233
      width of, 224, 228, 234, 452, 454, 455, 457
border-spacing property, 353, 479
border-style property, 171, 224, 455
border-top property, 170, 234, 456
border-top-color property, 232, 456
border-top-style property, 227, 456
border-top-width property, 228, 457
border-width property, 228, 457
bottom alignment, 140
bottom property, 457
boxes, 9
      cell boxes, 341
      column boxes, 340
      dialog boxes, 396
      em boxes (em squares), 107
      line boxes, 135, 182, 183, 184, 186, 190, 194, 424
      page boxes, 415, 425
      row boxes, 340
braces ({}) in property syntax, xiii
brackets ([])
      in attribute selectors, 38
      in property syntax, xii
Braille media type, 14
breaks
      generated by block-level elements, 9
      page breaks, 418, 480, 481
browsers, 8
      as screen-medium user agents, 15
      attribute selectors, 38, 252
      clipping, 316
      color names, 79
      escaped content, 383
      floated element placement, 292
      font face rules not implemented by, 126
      form element colors, 253
      generated content, 379
      indentation of list items, 377
      inheritance support, 70
      list-style-type defaults, 375
      nonrectangular outlines, 405
      older versions of, 19, 37
      outline placement, 405
      padding for images, 244
      pixel preference settings in, 86
      printing fixed-attachment backgrounds, 279
      projection media support, 426
      run-in elements, 205
      stretching and adjusting fonts not implemented, 117
      text decorations, 151
      transparent borders, 233
      z-axis positioning, 334
bugs
      borders drawn away from padding in Navigator 4, 238
      default font size in Internet Explorer, 109
      fixed-attachment backgrounds on non-body elements handled incorrectly, 279
      height and width applied incorrectly in Internet Explorer, 210
      multiple class selector handling in Internet Explorer, 35
      styles not inherited into tables, 70
ButtonFace system color, 398
ButtonHighlight system color, 398
buttons
      system colors for, 398
      system font for, 396
ButtonShadow system color, 398
ButtonText system color, 398

C[ Top ]
caption system font, 123, 396
captioned controls, system font for, 396
captions for tables, 350
      placement of, 350, 479
      specifying, 343
caption-side property, 350, 479
CaptionText system color, 399
carriage returns
      white-space property and, 154
cascade rules, 6, 71-75
cascades, 6
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), 6
      features of, 3
      future of, 7
      history of, 3
      unique features of CSS2 and CSS2.1, xi
      versions covered in this book, xi
case of text, 475
case-sensitivity, of class and ID selectors, 37
cell boxes, 341
cell phones, web-enabled, media type for, 15
cells
      alignment of content in, 366
      borders for, 352, 355, 479
      empty, 354, 479
      images in, with gaps, 139
      layer for, 349
      positioning, 341
      spanning, 340
      specifying, 343
      vertically aligning elements in, 138
cellspacing attribute, 353
center element, 132
centering text, 132, 165
centimeters (cm) length units, 84
child combinator, 48
child elements, 45, 495
child selectors, 48, 492
class attribute, 32
class selectors, 32-35, 492
      attribute selectors substituting for, 38, 41
      case-sensitivity of, 37
      combining with pseudo-classes, 53
      languages supporting, 37, 38
      multiple, 34
      specificity value of, 63
      when to use, 36
clear property, 298, 458
clearing, 298-302
clip property, 458
cm (centimeters) length units, 84
code, examples, xiii
col element, 343
colgroup element, 343
colon (:)
      between property and value, 26
      in pseudo-class or pseudo-element selectors, 52
color inversion for outlines, 407, 409
color property, 248, 459
      affecting borders, 251
      affecting form elements, 252
      combining with background-color property, 256
      inheritance and, 253
color values, 78
      equivalents, table of, 82
      named colors, 78, 82
      RGB colors, 79
      web-safe colors, 83
colors
      background, 254
      border, 159
      design issues regarding, 246
      inheritance and, 253
      outline, 408, 470
      projection styles, 429
      replacing body attributes for, 249
      text decorations, 149, 151
column boxes, 340
column groups
      layer for, 349
      specifying, 343
      visibility of, 345
columns, table
      background for, 345
      borders for, 344
      layer for, 349
      specifying, 342
      visibility of, 345
      width of, 345
columns, text, print styles for, 414
combinator
      in adjacent-sibling selectors, 49
      in child selectors, 48
      in descendant selectors, 46
      specificity value of, 63
comma (,)
      in property syntax, xii
      in selectors, 27
comments, 20
compact file size, 7
complexspiral distorted demonstration, 278
contact information for this book, xiv
containing block
      height of, affecting positioning, 306
      of floated elements, 286
      positioning and, 303
content area, 134, 158, 378
      background of, 158
      clipping, 312, 458
      for inline nonreplaced elements, 184
      glyphs and, 194
      height of, 170, 306, 464
      overflowing, 311, 471
      width of, 161, 477
content edge, 159
content property, 382, 459
      counters used with, 389
      quotation-related values of, 385
contextual selectors, 46
continuous medium, 413
controls, small captioned, system font for, 396
conventions used in this book, xi
counter-increment property, 388, 459
counter-reset property, 387, 460
counters for ordered lists
      defining for multiple levels, 392
      incrementing, 388, 390, 459
      negative values for, 388, 389
      resetting, 387, 390, 460
      scope of, 392
      styles for, 391
crop marks (cross marks), 483
crosshair cursor, 402
CSS, xi
      cascading, 6
      comments, 20
      documents and, 1-22
      ease of use, 4
      link tag, 12
      rich styling, 3
      rules, 23-27
      styles on multiple pages, 5
      stylistic language, 7
      XHTML and, 11-21
CSS comments, 20
CSS2
      @font-face rule, 126
      @page rules, 416
      attribute selectors, 38, 252
      clip property, elements applied to, 458
      collapse value for visibility, 317
      downloadable fonts, 94
      drop shadows for text, 152
      font-size-adjust property, 482
      font-stretch property, 482
      list item numbering, 370
      list styles, 371
      marker-offset property, 178, 379
      marks property, 483
      min-max properties, 308
      offsetting margin edges, 305
      page box size, 415
      page property, 416, 484
      reference pixel recommendation, 89
      run-in elements, 202
      scaling factor, 108
      size property, 415, 484
      speak-header property, 432
      specificity of inline style declarations, 74
      specificity of pseudo-elements, 63
      stretching and adjusting fonts, 117
      text-shadow property, 483
      transparent border color, 233
      universal selector, 28
CSS2.1
      background, area covered by, 224
      block and inline elements, 8
      cascade rules, 71
      color names, 78
      combining pseudo-classes, 57
      containing block, rules for determining, 159, 303
      content area definition, 182
      dynamic pseudo-classes, 53
      first-letter pseudo-element, scope of, 496
      floated elements, 294, 297
      generated content, 60
      height of content area in relation to font, 194
      important rules, 67
      inherit keyword, 92
      inline-block elements, 201
      list styles, 371
      list-style-position property, 375
      margin placement, 193
      offsetting margin edges, 305
      overconstrained relative positioning, 338
CSS2.1 (continued)
      pre-wrap and pre-line for white-space property, 154
      primacy of inline style declarations, 66
      progress value for cursor property, 403
      pseudo-elements, 58
      real numbers, definition of, 77
      reference pixel recommendation, 89
      specificity of inline style declarations, 74
      specificity of pseudo-elements, 63
      static position, 321
cue property, 442, 484
cue-after property, 485
cue-before property, 485
cues in speech, 441, 484, 485
curly braces ({}) in property syntax, xiii
cursive fonts, 96
cursor property, 400, 460
cursors, 400-404, 460
      ball spinning cursor, 403
      changing, 400
      crosshair cursor, 402
      customized, 404
      hourglass cursor, 403
      over side or corner edges of window, 402
      pointing cursor, 401
      progress cursor, 403
      text selection cursor, 402

D[ Top ]
declaration block, 24, 26
declarations, 24, 26, 29
descendant selectors, 46, 49, 491
descendants of elements, 45, 68
devices, style sheets specific to, 14
dialog boxes, system font for, 396
direction of flow, 460
direction property, 460
display property, 9, 198, 460
      value for lists, 372
      values for element display roles, 199
      values for generated content, 380
      values for tables, 341
document structure, using, 44-50
document style sheets, 18
documents, 1
      aural rendering of, 1
      file size reduced by CSS, 7
      height of, 161
      hierarchy of elements in, 44
      linking multiple style sheets to, 15
      linking style sheets to, 18
      multiple, linking style sheets to, 5
      presentation of, 2, 3, 4, 75
      printing, 413
      slideshow presentation of, 1
      structured, benefits of, 2
      URLs not relative to, 91
      width of, 161
dot-class notation, 37
double quotes (") in font-family declaration, 99
drop-down controls, system font for, 396
dynamic pseudo-classes, 53
dynamic styling, real-world issues, 55

E[ Top ]
element boxes, 158, 207-210
      breaks before and after, 9
      for inline nonreplaced elements, 184
      height of, 170, 468
      margins of, 163, 170, 467, 468
      outlines of, 470
      overlapping, 208
      padding of, 471
      specifying type of, 199, 460
      width of, 161, 469
      within a line of text, 9
element selectors, 24, 63, 491
elements, 8
      activated, pseudo-class for, 494
      ancestors of, 45
      background of, 247
      block-level elements, 9
      child elements, 45
      containing block of, 159
      converting between inline- and block-level elements, 199
      first letter of, pseudo-element for, 58, 59, 496
      first line of, pseudo-element for, 59, 496
      floating, 283
      flow direction of, 160, 476
      foreground of, 247
      height of, 161, 469
      hierarchy of, 44
      hovered, pseudo-class for, 497
      in focus, pseudo-class for, 496
      inserting content before and after, pseudo-elements for, 60
      mouse hovering over, pseudo-class for, 54
      nonreplaced elements, 8
      overlapping, 219
      parent elements, 45
      persistent, fixed positioning for, 336
      siblings of, 49
      static position of, 321
      visibility of, 316
      width of, 161, 208
elements, block-level, 8
elements, inline-level, 8
elevation property, 445, 485
em (em-height) length units, 89
em box, 107
em square, 107
Emacspeak, 93, 430
embedded style sheets, 17, 18
embossed media type, 14
empty-cells property, 354, 479
ex (x-height) length units, 86
exact-value attribute selectors, 39, 493
Extensible Markup Language, 7
external style sheets, 13, 18

F[ Top ]
fantasy fonts, 96
file size, compact, 7
filename extension
      for animated graphics, 404
      for graphic cursors, 404
      for style sheets, 14
first-letter, 59
first-line, 59
fixed positioning, 303, 334
fixed-width fonts, 95
float property, 283, 461
floated elements, 283
      background and, 294
      block boxes generated for, 286
      containing blocks and, 286
      direction of float, 283, 461
      disabling, 285
      expanding to contain floated descendants, 294
      height for, 310
      margins of, 284
      negative margins and, 295
      nonreplaced elements, 285
      overlapped by block boxes, 297
      overlapped by inline boxes, 297
      overlapping one another, 288
      overwriting one another, 287
      overwriting previous content, 296, 297
      placement rules for, 287
      preventing placement next to specific elements, 298, 458
      taller than parent element, 292
      wider than parent element, 297
      width for, 310
floating, 283-298
flow
      bidirectional, 476
      outlines not included in, 409
font download method, @font-face rule, 127
font face, 95
font families, 95
      cursive fonts, 96
      fantasy fonts, 96
      generic, 95
      sans-serif fonts, 95
      specifying, 462
font name matching method, @font-face rule, 126
font property, 120, 461
      omitted values, behavior of, 122
      slash (/) separating keywords of, 27
      system fonts, specifying, 123, 396
font size
      adjusting based on aspect value, 118, 482
      determination of, using em square, 107
      font matching and, 125
      for inline nonreplaced elements, 184
      for print design, 413
      inheritance and, 111
      specifying, 462
font synthesis method, @font-face rule, 126
font tag, 2
font-family property, 96, 462
      quotation marks in, 98
      specifying alternate font families with, 98
      specifying generic font families with, 96
      specifying multiple font families with, 98
      specifying specific font family with, 97
fonts, 128
      aspect value of, 119
      availability of, 94, 124
      downloading, 127
      em (em-height) value of, 86
      ex (x-height) value of, 87
      for print design, 413
      for screen design, 413
      leading and, 134
      matching available fonts to specified fonts, 124
      proportional, 95
fonts (continued)
      setting all values of, 120
      setting style of, 114, 463
      setting weight of, 463
      stretching, 117, 482
      used in this book, xi
font-size property, 106, 462
      absolute-size keywords for, 107
      font matching and, 125
      for inline nonreplaced elements, 184
      length units for, 112
      percentage values for, 110
      relative-size keywords for, 109
      scaling factor used with, 108
font-size-adjust property, 118, 482
font-stretch property, 117, 482
font-style property, 114, 125, 463
font-variant property, 116, 125, 463
font-weight property, 100, 463
      bold keyword, mapping of, 102
      bolder keyword, mapping of, 103
      font matching and, 125
      lighter keyword, mapping of, 105
      normal keyword, mapping of, 102
      numeric values, mapping of, 101
footers, table, 342
foreground colors, 248, 459
form elements, 160
      attribute selectors for, 252
      color of, 252
      padding for, 244
form inputs, aligning vertically, 137
forward slash (/)
      between font size and line height, 122
      in property syntax, xii
frames, fixed positioning as substitute for, 334
frequency values, 93
functional RGB notation, 79

G[ Top ]
generated content, 378-393
      attribute values as, 383
      audio pauses and cues used with, 442
      borders and, 380
      counters for ordered lists, 387
      floating prohibited for, 380
      inheritance and, 381
      pseudo-elements for, 60
      quotation marks as, 385
      specifying content for, 382, 459
      specifying location of, 379
      string values as, 382
      URI values as, 383
generic font families, 95, 98
generic page types, 417
glyphs, content area and, 194
GrayText system color, 399
greater-than symbol (>) in child selectors, 48
grid cells, 340, 341
grouping, 27-31
      declarations, 29
      everything, 30
      selectors, 27
      universal selector, 28

H[ Top ]
handheld media type, 15
hanging indents, 129
hash mark, 36
hash-ID notation, 37
headers, table, 342, 432
height property, 170, 308, 464
      percentage values for, 172
      positioned elements and, 307
      setting to auto, 171, 172
      tables and, 365
help cursor, 403
hexadecimal color notation, 81
hexadecimal notation, 82
Highlight system color, 399
HighlightText system color, 399
horizontal alignment
      of table cell content, 366
      of text, 131
horizontal formatting, of block-level elements, 161
href attribute, link tag, 14
HTML, 1
      element selectors for, 24
      file size reduced by CSS, 7
      future of, 7
      history of, 1
      presentational elements in, 2
      structural elements of, 2
      XML replacing, 7
HTML 4 style sheet sample, 499-501
html element, 160
      as root element, 45
      inheritance of background styles, 69
hyperlinks, 52
Hypertext Markup Language, 7
hyphenation
      capitalization and, 147
      justified text using, 133

I[ Top ]
icon system font, 123, 396
icons
      system font for, 396
      used in this book, xii
id attribute, 36
ID selectors, 36, 36-37, 493
      attribute selectors substituting for, 38, 41
      combining with pseudo-classes, 53
      languages supporting, 37, 38
      specificity of, 63, 66
      uniqueness of, 36
images
      as background, 256
      as generated content, 380, 383
      floating using HTML, 283
      in links, border style for, 226
      in table cell, gaps around, 139
      indents affecting, 129
      padding for, 244
img element, align attribute, 283
in (inches) length units, 84
InactiveBorder system color, 399
InactiveCaption system color, 399
InactiveCaptionText system color, 399
inches (in) length units, 84
InfoBackground system color, 399
InfoText system color, 399
inherit keyword, 92
inheritance, 62, 68-71
      exceptions to, 69
      inherit keyword, 92
      line height and, 136
      text decoration and, 149
initial containing block, 303
inline boxes, 134, 182
      forcing with display property, 9, 203
      overlapping floated element, 297
inline styles, 21, 66, 73
inline-block elements, 201
inline-level elements, 8, 9, 160
      aligning vertically, 476
      borders for, 192, 237
      generated content as, 380
      history of formatting of, 198
      line height of, 183
      margins for, 192, 221
      nonreplaced, 184, 208
      padding for, 192, 243
      replaced, formatting of, 194
      spreading lines of text apart, 198
      tables as, 341
intelligent font matching method, @font-face rule, 126
Internet Explorer
      adjacent-sibling selectors not supported, 50
      assigning table-related display values to HTML elements not supported, 344
      attribute selector not supported, 38
      child selectors not supported, 50
      combined pseudo-classes not supported, 58
      default font size, 109
      dynamic pseudo-class support, 55
      empty-cells property, 355
      first-child pseudo-class not supported, 57
      fixed positioning not supported, 336
      fixed-attachment backgrounds on non-body elements, 279
      generated content not supported, 379
      height and width implementation, 210
      min-max properties not supported, 309
      multiple class selectors and, 35
      placement of @import directive and, 19
italic text
      as font style, 114
      used in this book, xi

J[ Top ]
JavaScript for fixed positioning, 336
justified alignment, 133
      spacing and, 145

K[ Top ]
keyword values, 26, 91

L[ Top ]
landscape orientation, 416
language
      attribute selectors, 494
      pseudo-class for, 57, 497
leading, 134
left property, 321, 464
length units, 83
      absolute length units, 84
      relative length units, 86
letters, spacing between, 144, 464
letter-spacing property, 144, 464
line boxes, 135, 182, 186
      aligning elements with, 140
      construction of, 183
      height of, 184
      inline replaced elements and, 194
      page breaks and, 424
linefeeds
      in generated content, 383
      white-space property and, 153
line-height property, 134, 465
      baselines and, 190
      for block-level elements, 190
      for inline replaced elements, 194, 195
      for inline-level elements, 183, 184, 186, 189
      scaling factor for, 191
      setting with font property, 122
lines of text
      construction of, 134
      height of, 122, 134, 237, 465
      spread apart by inline-level elements, 198
line-through text, 148, 150
link attribute, body element, 52
link tag, 12
links
      borders visible only when hovered, 233
      displaying as block elements, 199
      displaying horizontally with equal widths, 202
      height and width of, 208
      images in, border style for, 226
      inserting icons at end of, 380
      not visited, pseudo-class for, 51, 497
      preceding with generated content, 379
      pseudo-classes for, 52
      suppressing underlining of, 148
      visited, pseudo-class for, 51, 498
lists, 370-378
      counters for ordered lists, 387
      formatting of list items, 178
      indentation of list items, 377
      layout of, 376
      markers for list items, 370, 371, 372, 374, 378
list-style property, 375, 465
list-style-image property, 373, 465
list-style-position property, 178, 466
list-style-type property, 466
lowercase text, 146

M[ Top ]
margin area for page boxes, 415
margin property, 211, 467
      length values for, 213
      negative values for, 218
      percentage values for, 214
      replicating values in, 216
margin-bottom property, 170, 467
      collapsing margins with, 174
      negative values for, 176
      setting to auto, 171
margin-left property, 163, 217, 467
      negative values for, 166, 218
      percentage values for, 168
margin-right property, 163, 468
      setting to auto, 163
margins, 158
      background of, 158
      collapsing, 174, 220
      for inline-level elements, 192, 196, 221
      for page boxes, 415
      increased by clear property, 301
      internal table elements not including, 339
      negative values for, 196
      of element boxes, 163, 170
      of floated elements, 284, 295
      positioning and, 305
      setting all margins, 211-223
      setting separately for each side, 217
margin-top property, 170, 468
      negative values for, 176
marker-offset property, 178, 379
markers for list items, 370
      as generated content, 378
      formatting of, 178
      images as, 373, 465
      inheritance and, 372, 374
      position of, 375, 377, 379, 465
      types of, 375, 466
marks property, 483
markup, structured, 3
max-height property, 308, 468
max-width property, 308, 469
media attribute
      all, 14
      aural, 14
      braille, 14
      embossed, 14
      handheld, 15
      print, 15
      projection, 15
      screen, 15
      tty, 15
      tv, 15
media attribute, link tag, 14, 411
medium-specific style sheets, 411
      @import restrictions for, 412
      @media blocks in, 412
      based on specific device, not supported, 414
      specifying, 411
megahertz (MHz), 93
Menu system color, 399
menu system font, 123, 396
MenuText system color, 399
message-box system font, 123, 396
Microsoft Internet Explorer, 91
middle alignment, 141
millimeters (mm) length units, 84
min-height property, 308, 469
min-width property, 308, 469
mm (millimeters) length units, 84
Mondrian effect, 219
monitor
      media type for, 15
      pixel dimensions of, 85
monospace fonts, 95
Mosaic browser, 1
movement cursors, 402
multicolumn layouts, in paged media, 414
multiple class selectors, 34

N[ Top ]
named color values, 78, 82
Navigator 4
      borders drawn away from padding, 238
      color replacements, 249
      form element colors, 253
      URLs relative to document, not style sheet, 91
newlines, white-space property and, 153
none keyword, 91
nonreplaced elements, 8
      absolute positioning of, 323
      floated, 285
      inline, 184, 208, 221, 244
non-screen media, 411-447
normal flow, 160
numbers
      as property values, 77
      speaking, 431, 488

O[ Top ]
O'Reilly Media, contact information for, xiv
oblique text, as font style, 114
offset properties, 304, 321
operating system icons, system font for, 396
order of style rules, 71, 73
origin image, 264, 273
origin of style rules, 71
orphans property, 424, 480
outline property, 408, 470
outline-color property, 407, 470
outlines, 404-408, 470
      color of, 407
      obscured by other elements, 410
      overlapping, 410
      style of, 406
      width of, 406
outline-style property, 406, 470
outline-width property, 406, 470
overflow property, 471
overlined text, 148
overriding rules, 6

P[ Top ]
padding, 158, 207, 238-244
      background extending to, 210, 239
      for inline replaced elements, 195
      for inline-level elements, 192, 243
      for replaced elements, 244
      indenting inline-level elements with, 129
      negative indentation and, 129
      positioning and, 305
      setting for a single side, 243
      setting separately for each side, 472, 473
      transparent borders acting as, 233
padding property, 238, 471
padding-bottom property, 170, 472
padding-left property, 163, 472
padding-right property, 163, 168, 472
padding-top property, 170, 243, 473
page area, 415
page boxes, 415
page property, 416, 484
page-break-after property, 418, 423, 426, 480
page-break-before property, 418, 423, 481
page-break-inside property, 421, 423, 424, 481
paged media, 413, 480
paperless future, 413
parent elements, 45
parent-child relationship, 44-45
partial-value attribute selectors, 41, 493
particular attribute selectors, 43
pause property, 440, 486
pause-after property, 486
pause-before property, 486
pauses in speech, 439, 486
pc (picas) length units, 84
percentage values, 77
period (.) in class selectors, 32
persistent elements, fixed positioning for, 336
persistent style sheets, 17
picas (pc) length units, 84
pitch property, 437, 486
pitch-range property, 438, 487
pixel theory, 89
pixels, 79
      absolute lengths and, 85
      length of, 88
pixels per inch (ppi), 85
play-during property, 442, 487
plus sign (+), 402
      in adjacent-sibling selectors, 49
      in property syntax, xii
pointing cursor, 401
pointing device, 400
points (pt) length units, 84
portrait orientation, 416
position property, 302, 473
positioning, 283, 302-338, 473
      absolute, 303, 317
      clipping content with, 312
      containing blocks in relation to, 303, 317
      fixed, 303, 334
      generated content prohibited from, 380
      of internal table elements, 341
      of list item markers, 375, 377, 379, 465, 466
      offset properties for, 304, 457, 464, 474, 476
      outside containing block, 304, 306
      overflowing content with, 311
      relative, 303, 336
      static, 302
      visibility of elements and, 316
      width of positioned element, 306
      z-axis placement for, 329
pound sign (#) in hexadecimal color notation, 81
preferred style sheets, 17
presentational elements, 5
      centralization of, 4
      CSS features for, 3
      deprecated in XHTML, 7
      in HTML, 2
presentational information and markup in web sites, 2
presentational markup, 3
print media type, 15
print preview, 413
print styles, 413
      designing, 413
      elements outside the page, handling, 425
      multiple page types for, 484
      orphans, handling, 422
      page breaks in, 418
      page orientation for, 416
      page size for, 415, 484
      repeated elements in, 425
      specifying media type for, 15
printers, teletype, media type for, 15
projection media type, 15
projection styles, 426
      colors for, 429
      design considerations, 428
      positioning elements in, 428
      resolution and, 428
      slide breaks for, 426
      specifying media type for, 15
properties, 9, 24, 26
      syntax conventions used in this book, xii
      value of, 26
pseudo-class
      first-child, 56
      lang ( ), 57
pseudo-class selectors, 51-58
pseudo-classes
      combining in one selector, 57
      dynamic, resulting from user behavior, 53
      for element being activated, 54, 249
      for element being hovered, 54
      for element in focus, 54
      for first child element, 56
      for first page in document, 417
      for language, 57
      for links, 249
      order of, in selector, 54
      requiring document to be redrawn, 55
      specificity value of, 63
pseudo-classes, linking, 52
pseudo-element selectors, 58-60
pseudo-elements
      for inserting content before and after elements, 379, 495
      placement of, 60
pt (points) length units, 84
punctuation, speaking, 431, 489
px (pixels) length units, 86, 88, 89

Q[ Top ]
question mark (?) in property syntax, xiii
quotation marks in font-family declaration, 98
quotes property, 473

R[ Top ]
rad (radians) units, 92
reader as origin, 71
reader style sheets, 6
reals, 77
rel attribute, link tag, 14, 16
relative length units, 86
relative positioning, 303, 336
relative URL, 90
replaced elements, 8, 160
      absolute positioning of, 327
      baselines and, 196
      horizontal formatting of, 169
      inline, 194, 223
      padding for, 244
resolution, 84
      absolute units of measurement and, 84
      projection styles and, 428
      relative units of measurement and, 86
RGB colors, 79
rich styling, 3
richness property, 439, 487
right property, 474
root element, 45, 160, 303
row boxes, 340
row groups
      layer for, 349
      specifying, 342
row primacy model, 344
rows
      layer for, 349
      specifying, 342
rule structure, 24
      declaration block, 24
      selector, 24
run-in elements, 202
running head, 425

S[ Top ]
sample style sheet, 499
sans-serif fonts, 95
scaling factor
      for font sizes, 108
      for line height, 136
screen, 15
screen media type, 15
screen readers, media type for, 14
Scrollbar system color, 399
scrolling
      absolute positioning and, 319
      of background, 275
seconds (s) units, 92
selecting elements with exact attribute values, 39
selecting elements with partial attribute values, 41
selectors, 23-61
      adjacent-sibling selectors, 49, 492
      attribute selectors, 38, 252, 493
      child selectors, 48, 492
      class selectors, 32, 36, 492
      descendant selectors, 46, 491
      element selectors, 24
      grouping, 27, 30
      ID selectors, 36, 493
      pseudo-class selectors, 51
      pseudo-element selectors, 58
      universal selector, 491
semicolon (;) following declarations, 26, 29
serif fonts, 95
serifs, 95
siblings of elements, 49
sidebar backgrounds, 261
simple attribute selectors, 38, 493
single quotes (') in generated content, 385, 473
size property, 415, 484
slash (/) in property syntax, xii
slideshows, style sheets for, 426
small caps text, as font variant, 117, 463
small-caption system font, 396
sorting, 72-75
sounds, 443
spacing, 153
speak property, 430, 488
speak-header property, 488
speaking content, 430
speak-numeral property, 431, 488
speak-punctuation property, 431, 489
specificity, 62-67
      calculating, 63
      cascade rule for, 71, 73
      of attribute selectors, 63, 66
      of class selectors, 63
      of grouped selectors, 64
      of ID selectors, 63
      of inherited values, 69
      of inline styles, 66
      of multiple rules, 64
      of non-CSS presentational hints, 75
      of pseudo-classes, 63
      of pseudo-elements, 63
      of universal selector, 63, 70
      resolving ties between, 71
speech media type, 430
speech-rate property, 433, 489
square brackets ([])
      in attribute selectors, 38
      in property syntax, xii
stacking context, for absolute positioning, 331
static position of element, 321
static positioning, 302, 303
status-bar system font, 396
stress property, 438, 489
strikethru text, 148
structural HTML markup, 2
structured documents, 2
style attribute, 21, 73
style element, 17, 20
style rules, 19, 23
      important declarations, 67
      inline, 73
      multiple, specificity of, 64
      order of, in cascade rules, 71, 73
      origin of, 71, 72
      parts of, 24
      weight of, 71, 72
style sheets, 4
      alternate, 16
      alternate style sheets, 16
      embedded, 18
      example of, 499
      external style sheets, 13
      filename extension for, 14
      linking to documents, 18
      linking to multiple documents, 5
      multiple, linking to document, 15
      persistent style sheets, 17
      preferred style sheets, 17
      reader style sheets, 6
styles, 19
styling features of CSS, 3
styling, rich, 3
superscripting, 139
syntax conventions used in this book, xii
system colors, 398
system fonts, 123, 395

T[ Top ]
table captions, 343
table columns, 340
table element, 341
      internal table elements, 339
      layer for, 349
table footers, 342
table headers, 342
table-layout property, 359, 480
tables, 339-369, 478-480
      anonymous table objects, 345
      arrangement rules for, 339
      automatic layout for, 362, 480
      block-level, 341
      captions for, 350
      fixed-layout model for, 360
      headers for, spoken, 432, 488
      height of, 365
      hidden borders and, 224
      inline-level, 341
      layers of, 349
      missing components of, 345
      row primacy model for, 344
      specifying elements for, 341
      width of, 359
tags, 12
tbody element, 342
td element, 343
teletype printers, media type for, 15
television, media type for, 15
text, 128
      aligning horizontally, 474
      aligning vertically, 134
      blinking, 148, 475
      carriage returns in, 154
      centering, 132
      color of, 149, 151
      drop shadows for, 152
      hyphenation of, 133
      indenting, 128, 475
      leading, 134
      letter spacing of, 145
      overlining, 148
      shadows for, 483
      strikethru, 148
      underlining, 148, 150
      whitespace between words and lines, 153
      wrapping, 154
text attribute, body element, replacing using color property, 249
text-align property, 131, 474
      compared to margin-left and margin-right, 165
      for cell content, 366
      for table captions, 351
text-bottom alignment, 140
text-decoration property, 148, 475
text-indent property, 128, 475
text-shadow property, 483
text-transform property, 146, 475
tfoot element, 342
th element, 343
thead element, 342
ThreeDDarkShadow system color, 399
ThreeDFace system color, 399
ThreeDHighlight system color, 399
ThreeDLightShadow system color, 399
ThreeDShadow system color, 399
tilde (~) in attribute selectors, 41
tiling of background images, 256, 257, 451
time values, 92
title attribute
      attribute selectors used with, 39
      link tag, 16
toolbars, displaying links across horizontally, 202
tooltips, attribute selectors used with, 39
top alignment, 140
top property, 476
tr element, 342
transparent borders, 233
tty media type, 15
tv media type, 15
type attribute, link tag, 14
type selectors, 491
typographical conventions used in this book, xi

U[ Top ]
underline keyword, 91
underlined text, 148
unicode-bidi property, 476
Uniform Resource Identifier, 93
units and values, 77-93
units for aural styles, 92
universal selector, 28, 491
      in class selectors, 32, 34
      in ID selectors, 36
      specificity of, 70
URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), specifying, 93
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
      relative to style sheet, 91
      specifying, 90
user agents, 8
      as origin of declarations, 71, 72
      default styles of, 72
      Emacspeak, 93
      Fonix SpeakThis, 430
      weight of declarations and, 72
user interface
      colors for, 398
      cursors, 400
      fonts for, 395
user interface styles, 395-410

V[ Top ]
value of property, 24, 26
      colors as, 78
      keywords as, 91
      URLs as, 90
values and units, 77-93
vertical alignment
      of inline nonreplaced elements, 186
      of table cell content, 366
      of text, 137
vertical bar (|)
      in attribute selector, 43
      in property syntax, xii
vertical double bar (||) in property syntax, xii
vertical formatting, of block-level elements, 170
vertical-align property, 186, 476
      for table cell content, 366
      text-decoration and, 150
visibility of elements, 316, 477
visibility property, 316, 477
visual styles, 482
vlink attribute, body element, 52, 249
voice used for speaking, 436, 486, 487, 489
voice-family property, 436, 490
volume of speech, 490
volume property, 434, 490

W[ Top ]
W3C, 3
waiting cursor, 403
watch cursor, 403
web sites
      for this book, xiv
      O'Reilly Media, Inc., xiv
Web, history of, 1
web-safe colors, 83
white-space property, 153, 477
whitespace, handling, 477
widows property, 422, 424, 481
width property, 161, 208, 308, 477
      affect of negative margins on, 166
      columns and column groups, 345
      positioned elements and, 307
      replaced elements and, 169
      setting to auto, 163
wildcard, 28
Window system color, 400
WindowFrame system color, 400
WindowText system color, 400
words, spacing between, 143, 144, 478
word-spacing property, 143, 478
World Wide Web, 1
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), HTML elements deprecated by, 3
wrapping text, 154

X[ Top ]
XHTML
      CSS and, 11-21
      deprecated elements in, 7, 21
      specification, 7
XML
      element selectors for, 24
      replacing HTML, 7

Z[ Top ]
z-axis, absolute positioning on, 478
z-index property, 478