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![[Buch Cover]](../covers/bash3.s.gif)
- Weitere Informationen zu diesem Buch:
Inhaltsverzeichnis | Index | Probekapitel | Kolophon | Rezensionen |
- Weitere Informationen zu diesem Buch:
Third Edition April 2005
ISBN 978-0-596-00965-6
Weitere Informationen zu diesem Buch
Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Index |
Probekapitel |
Kolophon |
Rezensionen |
Index
[ Symbols ], [ Numbers ], [ A ], [ B ], [ C ], [ D ], [ E ], [ F ], [ G ], [ H ], [ I ], [ J ], [ K ], [ L ], [ M ], [ N ], [ O ], [ P ], [ Q ], [ R ], [ S ], [ T ], [ U ], [ V ], [ W ], [ X ], [ Y ], [ Z ],
Symbols[ Top ]
& (ampersand)
&& (logical and operator), 112, 118, 149
&> (output and error redirection), 163
bitwise and operator, 147
running commands in background, 18, 199
* (asterisk)
** (exponentiation operator), 147
environment variable, 86, 90, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
multiplication operator, 147
pattern-matching operator, 96
special array index, 158
textual completion, vi, 44
wildcard, 11
word designator, 48
@ (at sign)
environment variable, 86, 90, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
hostname completion, 34
special array index, 158
\ (backslash)
backslash-escaping, 22
continuation character, 23, 179
escape character, echo, 169
escape character, prompt strings, 270
textual completion, vi, 44
{} (braces)
brace expansion wildcards, 13
command blocks in, 176
in shell variable syntax, 90
[] (brackets)
[...] (condition test), 113, 266, 294-295
[[...]] (condition test), 113, 270, 294-295
wildcard, 11
^ (caret)
bitwise exclusive or operator, 148
event designator, 48
pipe character, 251, 276
representing CTRL key, 202
vi command, 37
word designator, 48
: (colon)
:+ (string operator), 92, 95
:- (string operator), 91
:= (string operator), 91, 94
:? (string operator), 91, 106
command, 288
string operator, 92
, (comma)
sequential evaluation operator, 148
vi command, 43
$ (dollar sign)
$((...)) (arithmetic expressions), 146
$((...)) (arithmetic test), 149
$$ (shell variable), 210
environment variable, 290
variable substitution, 34, 63, 182
vi command, 37, 38
word designator, 48
. (dot)
.. (parent directory), 10
command, 288
current directory, 10
. (dot) (continued )
preceding filenames, 10, 62
synonym to source command, 56
vi command, 41
" (double quotes)
arithmetic expressions in, 146
around shell variables, 63
around special characters, 22
backslash preceding, 23
command line processing of, 183
= (equal sign)
== (equal to operator), 148
string comparison operator, 114
textual completion, vi, 44
! (exclamation point)
!= (not equal to operator), 149
!= (string comparison operator), 114
conditional not operator, 112
debugger command, 236
environment variable, 290
event designators, 47
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
logical not operator, 148
negation operator, 118
negation wildcard, 12
process ID shell variable, 210
> (greater than sign)
>> (bit-shift right operator), 147
>= (greater than or equal to operator), 148
>& (output redirection), 163, 167
>&- (output redirection), 163
>> (output redirection), 162
>| (output redirection), 163, 164
greater than operator, 148
output redirection, 16, 162
string comparison operator, 114
# (hash mark)
## (pattern-matching operator), 96
array element length operator, 158
comments, 93
environment variable, 87, 290
length operator, 99
pattern-matching operator, 96, 106
prepend comment, vi, 45
printf flag, 172
- (hyphen)
-- (decrement operator), 147
append word, vi, 45
environment variable, 290
preceding options, 7
printf flag, 172
subtraction operator, 147
vi command, 41
< (less than sign)
<< (bit-shift left operator), 147
<< (here-document), 163, 164-167
<& (input redirection), 163
<&- (input redirection), 163
<> (input/output redirection), 163
<= (less than or equal to operator), 148
input redirection, 162
less than operator, 148
redirecting input, 16
string comparison operator, 114
() (parentheses)
((...)) (arithmetic test), 150, 266, 270
command substitution, 100
grouping conditional operators, 118
in arithmetic expressions, 148
nested subshells, 218
% (percent sign)
%? (job containing string), 200
%% (job most recently put in background), 200
%+ (job most recently put in background), 200
%- (job second-most recently put in background), 200
%% (pattern-matching operator), 96, 106
job numbers, 199
modulus operator, 147
pattern-matching operator, 96
printf format specifiers, 171, 173
word designator, 48
+ (plus sign)
++ (increment operator), 147
addition operator, 147
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
printf flag, 172
vi command, 41
xtrace output, 223
? (question mark)
debugger command, 236
environment variable, 111, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
vi command, 41
wildcard, 11
; (semicolon)
statement separator, 115
vi command, 43
' (single quotes)
around special characters, 21
command line processing of, 183
enclosing RETURN, 23
in alias definition, 59
when to use, 147
/ (slash)
// (pattern-matching and replacement operator), 96
division operator, 147
in restricted shell, 258
pattern-matching and replacement operator, 96
vi command, 41
~ (tilde)
bitwise not operator, 148
home directory, 182
in pathnames, 9, 276
invert case, vi, 45
username completion, 34
| (vertical bar)
|| (logical or operator), 112, 118, 149
bitwise or operator, 147
extended pattern matching, 99
in case statement, 129
pipe, 16, 162, 180
vi command, 44
Numbers[ Top ]
$0 positional parameter, 86
0 (zero) environment variable, 290
0 (zero) printf flag, 172
0 (zero) word designator, 48
$1 positional parameter, 86
$2 positional parameter, 86
$3 positional parameter, 86
A[ Top ]
A command, vi, 39
a command, vi, 39
-a (file attribute operator), 117
-a (logical operator), 118
absolute pathname (see full pathname)
album example, 92, 101
alias command, 58, 288
aliases, 57-60, 270
Bourne shell not supporting, 276
examples in archive for, 272
global (not possible), 258
order of precedence for, 84
processing on command line, 182
recursive, 182
wildcards in, 59
ampersand (&)
&& (logical and operator), 112, 118, 149
&> (output and error redirection), 163
bitwise and operator, 147
running commands in background, 18, 199
angle brackets (see greater than sign; less than sign)
archive file for bash, 268
arguments, 6
for command-line options, 140
in for statement list, 122, 123
positional parameters for, 86-88
arithmetic conditionals, 149
arithmetic expressions, 146
associativity in, 147
evaluation of, 182
precedence in, 147
syntax for, 146
arithmetic for statement, 155, 159-161
arithmetic (integer) variables
assignment, 150-155
declaring, 145, 146
arithmetic operators, 121, 147
arrays, 157-161
assigning to themselves (bug), 239
assigning values to, 157
associative, Korn, 280
declaring, 158
declaring variables as, 145
deleting, 159
deleting elements of, 159
element length operator for, 158
one-dimensional, 270, 280
reading values into, 179
special indices for, 158
arrow keys, emacs, 29, 32
assignment of arithmetic variables, 150-155
associative arrays, Korn, 280
asterisk (*)
** (exponentiation operator), 147
environment variable, 86, 90, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
multiplication operator, 147
pattern-matching operator, 96
special array index, 158
textual completion, vi, 44
wildcard, 11
word designator, 48
at sign (@)
environment variable, 86, 90, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
at sign (@) (continued )
hostname completion, 34
special array index, 158
AT&T UWIN package, 284
auto_resume environment variable, 294
awk command, 101
B[ Top ]
B command, vi, 37, 38
b command, vi, 37, 38
background I/O, 19
background jobs, 17-20
bringing to foreground, 199
job number for, 198
priority of, 20
process ID for, 210
saving standard output and error to one file, 167, 188
sending foreground jobs to, 200
sending job to background, 201
starting, 18, 199
waiting until finished, 215
backslash (\)
backslash-escaping, 22
continuation character, 23, 179
escape character, echo, 169
escape character, prompt strings, 270
textual completion, vi, 44
BACKSPACE command, 25
bash, 2
archive file for, 268
bugs in, reporting, 274
building, 269
configuring, 269-271
customizing environment for, 254-258
documentation for, 268, 269
environment, 55
examples in archive for, 268, 272
features of, x, 4
global customization of, 257
help for, 273
history of, 4
installing, 270
installing as login shell, 5, 272
installing as standard shell, 251
interactive use of, 6
location of, determining, 6
newsgroups for, 274
obtaining, 5, 267
online help for, 26
options, 60-62, 285-287
pathname of, 74
POSIX mode, 252, 254
privileged mode, 260
programming featuers of, 81
restricted shell, 253, 258, 271
security, 258-260
shell variables, 62-64, 86
support for, 274
testing, 271
troubleshooting installation of, 271
unpacking archive file, 268
version of, determining, 74, 254
versions of, ix, 4
when not to use, 266
bash command, 5
- option, 253, 286
- option (old), 286
-c option, 253, 285
-c option (old), 286
-D option, 253, 285
--debugger option, 229, 286
debugging
enabling, 253
--dump-po-strings option, 253, 286
--dump-strings option, 253, 286
--help option, 253, 264, 286
-i option, 253, 285
-i option (old), 286
--init-file option, 254, 286
-l option, 253, 285
--login option, 254, 286
-login option (old), 287
-n option, 222, 224
-nobraceexpansion option (old), 287
--noediting option, 254, 286
-nolineediting option (old), 287
--noprofile option, 254, 286
-noprofile option (old), 286
--norc option, 254, 286
-norc option (old), 286
-O, +O options, 253, 285
-o option, 253, 285
options for, list of, 253, 285-287
--posix option, 252, 254, 286
-posix option (old), 287
--quiet option, 254, 286
-quiet option (old), 287
-r option, 253, 271, 286
-r option (old), 286
--rcfile option, 254, 286
-rcfile option (old), 286
-s option, 253, 285
-s option (old), 286
-T option, 228
-v option, 222, 253, 286
--verbose option, 254, 286
--version option, 254, 264, 286
-version option (old), 286
-x option, 222, 223
bash Completion Project, 312
Bash Debugger Project, 242
BASH environment variable, 74, 78, 291
BASH_ARGC environment variable, 230, 291
BASH_ARGV environment variable, 230, 291
bashbug script, 274
BASH_COMMAND environment variable, 291
bashdb debugger, 221, 230-234
break conditions, 241
breakpoints feature, 230, 236, 237
commands for, 235-236
driver script for, 231
execution tracing, 241
exercises for, 244
functions file for, 233
functions for, 234-242
limitations of, 241
preamble file for, 232
sample session of, 242-244
source code for, 245
stepping feature, 230, 236, 237
BASH_ENV environment variable, 258, 260, 291
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING environment variable, 291
.bash_history file, 28
BASH_LINENO environment variable, 230, 291
.bash_login file, 57
.bash_logout file, 57
.bash_profile file, 56, 79
environment file and, 79
environment variables in, 76
restricted, 259
.bashrc file, 57, 79
ignoring, 254
restricted, 259
BASH_REMATCH environment variable, 291
BASH_SOURCE environment variable, 230, 291
BASH_SUBSHELL environment variable, 291
BASH_VERSINFO environment variable, 74, 291
BASH_VERSION environment variable, ix, 74, 291
bc command, debugger, 236, 241
bell-style variable, readline, 51
bg command, 201, 270, 288
biff command, 67
bind command, 52, 288
books
Learning the UNIX Operating System (Peek, Todino, Strang), x
Practical UNIX and Internet Security (Spafford, Garfinkel), 260
Bourne Again shell (see bash)
Bourne shell (see sh)
Bourne, Steven, 3
bp command, debugger, 236, 237
brace expansion, 13, 182, 270
braces ({})
brace expansion wildcards, 13
command blocks in, 176
in shell variable syntax, 90
brackets ([])
[...] (condition test), 113, 266, 294-295
[[...]] (condition test), 113, 270, 294-295
wildcard, 11
break command, 288
break conditions, 241
break statement, 133
breakpoints, 230, 236, 237
BSD-derived systems, ps command on, 207
bugs, reporting, 274
builtin command, 84, 110, 185, 270, 288
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
-p option, 259
built-in functions
in bash archive, 304
loadable, 304-308
C[ Top ]
C command, vi, 40
C shell (see csh)
caret (^)
bitwise exclusive or operator, 148
event designator, 48
pipe character, 251, 276
representing CTRL key, 202
vi command, 37
word designator, 48
case sensitivity, 36
case statement, 128-131
cat command, 15
cb command, debugger, 236, 238
cc command, vi, 40
cd command, 9, 288
- option, 10, 104
Bourne shell support, 276
CDPATH variable and, 73
in restricted shell, 258
variables in, 62
cdable_vars shell option, 62, 74
CDPATH environment variable, 73, 291
character-based user interfaces, 2
checkhash shell option, 62
chmod command, 82
chsh command, 6, 272
circumflex (see caret)
cmdhist shell option, 62
cmp command, 219
code examples (see examples)
colon (:)
:+ (string operator), 92, 95
:- (string operator), 91
:= (string operator), 91, 94
:? (string operator), 91, 106
command, 288
string operator, 92
COLUMNS environment variable, 76, 79
comma (,)
sequential evaluation operator, 148
vi command, 43
command aliases, 58
command blocks, 176, 279
command command, 84, 126, 184, 288
- option, 185
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
-p option, 185
-V option, 185
-v option, 185
command history, 27, 28
appending to, 62
displaying, 289
emacs editing mode, 31
expansion commands, 47
fc command, 28, 45-47
multiple-line commands in, 62
size of, 65
time stamp for, 66
vi editing mode, 41-42
command line processing, 180-183
builtin command affecting, 185
command command affecting, 184
enable command affecting, 185
quoting affecting, 183
repeating, 186-196
command substitution, 99-103, 277
command-line editing, 5
command history with fc command, 45-47
emacs editing mode, 29-36
history expansion, 47
readline editing interface, 49-53
selecting editing mode, 28
shell variables for, 64-67
vi editing mode, 36-45
which editing mode to use, 53
command-line options, 7
for bash, list of, 285-287
for bash, setting, 60-62
guidelines for, 263-265
handling with positional parameters, 137-145
with arguments, 140
commands, 6
: (colon), 288
. (dot), 288
alias command, 58, 288
arguments for, 6
arguments for, in for statement list, 122, 123
arguments for, positional parameters for, 86-88
awk command, 101
bash command, 57
bash command (see bash command)
bg command, 201, 270, 288
biff command, 67
bind command, 52, 288
break command, 288
builtin command, 84, 110, 185, 259, 270, 288
built-in, list of, 288-290
cat command, 15
cd command, 9, 10, 62, 73, 104, 258, 288
chmod command, 82
chsh command, 6, 272
cmp command, 219
command command, 84, 126, 184, 288
compgen command, 288, 310-312
complete command, 288, 309-312
continue command, 288
continuing beyond a single line, 23, 179
countargs command, 90
cut command, 15, 100
date command, 147
dc command, 177
declare command, 84, 145, 158, 229, 288
determining source of, 85
diff command, 19, 109
dirs command, 155, 270, 281, 288
disown command, 212, 288
du command, 151
echo command, 63, 95, 120, 127, 168, 222, 288
editing on command line (see command-line editing)
enable command, 84, 185, 259, 270, 289, 304
eval command, 186-196, 289
exec command, 62, 258, 289
exit command, 6, 211, 289
exit status of, 108-113
export command, 75, 76, 289
fc command, 28, 45-47, 270, 289
fg command, 199, 270, 289
file command, 251
find command, 22
for bashdb debugger, 235
getopts command, 140, 289
grep command, 15, 100
hash command, 72, 289
hashing, 72
help command, 26, 270, 276, 289
history command, 270, 289
in hash table, 62
jobs command, 18, 199, 204, 270, 289
kill command, 202, 203, 208, 289
let command, 150, 289
local command, 88, 277, 289
logout command, 6, 289
ls command, 10, 58, 125
make command, 269
more command, 16
multiple, I/O redirection and, 175
nice command, 20
nohup command, 212
number of, determining, 65
order of precedence for, 84
popd command, 152, 155, 270, 289
precedence of, overriding, 184
precedence of, POSIX, 279
printf command, 170-173
ps command, 204-207
pushd command, 152, 155, 270, 289
pwd command, 9, 289
rbash command, 271
read command, 173-180, 289
readonly command, 146, 289
renaming (see aliases)
return command, 289
running in background, 17-20
sed command, 15
set command, 60
set command (see set command)
shell variables in, 63
shift command, 138-140, 289
shopt command, 61, 229, 297-298
sort command, 15, 92, 238
source command, 56, 81
stty command, 24, 202
suspend command, 289
tee command, 168
test command, 113, 289
time command, 270
times command, 290
tr command, 15
trap command, 207-214, 224-229, 290
true command, 208
type command, 72, 85, 290
typeset command, 145, 290
ulimit command, 255-257, 277, 290
umask command, 255, 277, 290
unalias command, 60, 290
unset command, 63, 84, 159, 290
wait command, 215, 290
who command, 102
comment-begin variable, readline, 51
comments, 93
guidelines for, 261
in input files, handling, 177
prepending, vi, 45
COMP_CWORD environment variable, 291
compgen command, 288, 310-312
COMPGEN variable, 311
complete command, 288, 309-312
completion, textual
emacs editing mode, 33-35
programmable, 271, 309-312
vi editing mode, 44
completion-query-items variable, readline, 51
COMP_LINE environment variable, 291
COMP_POINT environment variable, 291
COMPREPLY environment variable, 292
COMP_WORDBREAKS environment variable, 292
COMP_WORDS environment variable, 292
concurrency control, 217
conditional construct, 108
case statement, 128-131
select statement, 131-134
conditionals, readline editing interface, 51
conditions, 108
arithmetic operators for, 149
exit status determining, 108-113
file attribute checking, 117-121
integer comparisons, 121
logical operators for, 112
string comparisons, 113-117
testing, 113-122
configure script, 269
--disable option, 270
--enable option, 270
constants, naming, 263
contact information, xiv
continuation character (\), 23, 179
continue command, 288
continuing lines, 23
control keys, 24
conflicting with editing mode commands, 28
emacs commands, 29, 31, 34, 35
vi commands, 36, 45
control mode, vi editing mode, 36, 37
control-key signals, 202
conventions used in this book, xiii
convert-meta variable, readline, 51
copy file example, 135
COPYING file, bash archive, 268
Copyleft for bash, 268
copylefted software, 4
coroutines, 214-217, 280
countargs command, 90
CPU-intensive processes, 215
csh (C shell), 3
fc command, 28
features from, included in bash, x
CTRL-? command, 24
CTRL-\ command, 24, 25, 202
CTRL-[ command, emacs, 35
CTRL keys (see control keys)
CTRL-A command, emacs, 31
CTRL-B command, emacs, 29
CTRL-C command, 24, 25, 201, 202, 208
CTRL-D command, 6, 24, 25, 61, 133
CTRL-D command, emacs, 29
CTRL-E command, emacs, 31
CTRL-F command, emacs, 29
CTRL-H command, 25
CTRL-J command, emacs, 35, 36
CTRL-K command, emacs, 31
CTRL-L command, emacs, 35
CTRL-L command, vi, 45
CTRL-M command, 24
CTRL-M command, emacs, 35, 36
CTRL-N command, emacs, 32
CTRL-O command, emacs, 35
CTRL-P command, emacs, 32
CTRL-Q command, 24, 25
CTRL-R command, emacs, 32
CTRL-S command, 24, 25
CTRL-T command, emacs, 35
CTRL-U command, 24
CTRL-U command, emacs, 35
CTRL-V command, emacs, 35, 36
CTRL-V command, vi, 36
CTRL-W command, emacs, 35
CTRL-W command, vi, 36
CTRL-X ! command, emacs, 35
CTRL-X $ command, emacs, 34
CTRL-X / command, emacs, 34
CTRL-X @ command, emacs, 34
CTRL-Y command, 201
CTRL-Y command, emacs, 30, 31
CTRL-Z command, 24, 201, 202
current directory (see working directory)
cut command, 15, 100, 101
cygwin environment (Cygnus Consulting), 282
D[ Top ]
D command, vi, 40
d$ command, vi, 40
-d (file attribute operator), 117
d0 command, vi, 40
data filtering utilities, 15
date command, 147
dB command, vi, 40
db command, vi, 40
dc command, 177
dd command, vi, 40
DEBUG signal, 225, 228, 238
debugging, 221
bashdb debugger, 221, 230-234
commands for, 235-236
functions for, 234-242
sample session of, 242-244
source code for, 245
bugs in bash, reporting, 274
echo command, 222
environment variables for, 230
fake signals, 224-229
set command, 222-224
declare command, 145, 288
-a option, 145, 158
-F option, 145, 229
-f option, 84, 145
-i option, 145, 146
-r option, 145, 146, 158
DEL command, 24, 25
DEL command, emacs, 29, 30
DEL command, vi, 36
dh command, vi, 40
diff command, 19, 109
directories, 7
home, 74
navigating, 9
tilde (~) notation, 9
working, 8, 74
directory listing example, 98, 123, 125, 135
directory name, alias for, 59
dirs command, 155, 270, 281, 288
DIR_STACK environment variable, 105, 114, 152, 292
disable-completion variable, readline, 51
disk space usage example, 151-152
disown command, 212, 288
DJGPP suite, GNU tools for MS-DOS, 283
dl command, vi, 40
doc directory, bash archive, 268, 269
documentation directory, bash, 269
dollar sign ($)
$((...)) (arithmetic expressions), 146
$((...)) (arithmetic test), 149
$$ (shell variable), 210
environment variable, 290
variable substitution, 34, 63, 182
vi command, 37, 38
word designator, 48
dot (.)
.. (parent directory), 10
command, 288
current directory, 10
preceding filenames, 10, 62
synonym to source command, 56
vi command, 41
dot (point) in emacs, 29
dotglob shell option, 62
double quotes (")
arithmetic expressions in, 146
around shell variables, 63
around special characters, 22
backslash preceding, 23
command line processing of, 183
command substitution, 100
when to use, 100
ds command, debugger, 236, 239
du command, 151
dW command, vi, 40
dw command, vi, 40
E[ Top ]
E command, vi, 37, 38
e command, vi, 37, 38
-e (file attribute operator), 117
echo command, 63, 168, 222, 288
Bourne shell support, 277
-E option, 169
-e option, 95, 127, 169
escape sequences for, 169
Korn not supporting, 280
-n option, 95, 120, 169
ed text editor, 164
editing modes (see emacs editing mode; vi editing mode)
editing (see command-line editing)
editing-mode variable, readline, 51
EDITOR environment variable, 46, 75, 76, 78
electronic mail example, 210
elements of arrays, 157
elif clause, if statement, 108
else clause, if statement, 108
$else directive, readline, 51
emacs editing mode, 29-36
commands conflicting with terminal interface control keys, 28
commands for, list of, 300
history commands, 31
line commands, 31
list of most-used commands, 54
point in, 29
selecting, 28, 61
textual completion, 33-35
when to use, 53
word commands, 30
emacs shell option, 61
enable command, 84, 185, 289, 304
-a option, 186
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
-d option, 185, 259
-f option, 185, 259
Korn not supporting, 281
-n option, 186, 270
-p option, 186
-s option, 186
enable-keypad variable, readline, 51
$endif directive, readline, 51
ENV environment variable, 258, 280, 281
environment, 55
customizing, 79, 254-258
files containing settings for, 56
shell variables, 62-64
subprocesses awareness of, 75-79
environment file, 56, 79, 276
environment variables, 75-79, 86
* (asterisk), 86, 90, 290
@ (at sign), 86, 90, 290
$ (dollar sign), 290
! (exclamation point), 290
# (hash mark), 87, 290
- (hyphen), 290
? (question mark), 111, 290
0 (zero), 290
auto_resume, 294
BASH, 74, 78, 291
BASH_ARGC, 230, 291
BASH_ARGV, 230, 291
BASH_COMMAND, 291
BASH_ENV, 258, 260, 291
BASH_EXECUTION_STRING, 291
BASH_LINENO, 230, 291
BASH_REMATCH, 291
BASH_SOURCE, 230, 291
BASH_SUBSHELL, 291
BASH_VERSINFO, 74, 291
BASH_VERSION, ix, 74, 291
Bourne shell not supporting, list of, 276
built-in, list of, 290-294
CDPATH, 73, 291
COLUMNS, 76, 79
COMP_CWORD, 291
COMP_LINE, 291
COMP_POINT, 291
COMPREPLY, 292
COMP_WORDBREAKS, 292
COMP_WORDS, 292
declaring shell variables as, 145, 146
defining for subprocess only, 76
determining whether shell variable is, 76
DIR_STACK, 105, 114, 152, 292
EDITOR, 46, 75, 76, 78
ENV, 258, 280, 281
EUID, 292
exported, 75
FCEDIT, 46, 65, 292
FIGNORE, 292
FUNCNAME, 292
GLOBIGNORE, 292
GROUPS, 292
histchars, 294
HISTCMD, 64, 65, 292
HISTCONTROL, 64, 65, 292
HISTFILE, 28, 64, 292
HISTFILESIZE, 64, 65, 292
HISTIGNORE, 64, 65, 292
HISTSIZE, 64, 65, 292
HISTTIMEFORMAT, 65, 66, 292
HOME, 74, 75, 292
HOSTFILE, 292
HOSTNAME, 293
HOSTTYPE, 293
IFS, 86, 90, 123, 292
IGNOREEOF, 293
in .bash_profile file, 76
in subshells, 83
INPUTRC, 50, 293
LANG, 293
LC_ALL, 293
LC_COLLATE, 293
LC_CTYPE, 293
LC_MESSAGES, 293
LC_NUMERIC, 293
LINENO, 223, 233, 293
LINES, 76, 79
MACHTYPE, 293
MAIL, 68, 75, 293
MAILCHECK, 68, 293
MAILPATH, 68, 293
OLDPWD, 74, 293
OPTARG, 142, 293
OPTERR, 293
OPTIND, 142, 293
OSTYPE, 293
PATH, 71, 75, 258, 293
PIPESTATUS, 293
POSIXLY_CORRECT, 293
PPID, 294
PROMPT_COMMAND, 293
PS1, 69, 257, 270, 293
PS2, 69, 270, 293
PS3, 69, 270, 293
PS4, 69, 270, 281, 294
PWD, 74, 75, 294
RANDOM, 226, 294
REPLY, 173, 233, 294
scripts relying on, 265
SECOND, 74
SECONDS, 294
SHELL, 5, 76, 78, 258, 294
SHELLOPTS, 294
SHLVL, 294
substitution, emacs editing mode, 34
TERM, 75, 76, 77, 174
TIMEFORMAT, 294
TMOUT, 257, 294
UID, 294
VISUAL, 75
-eq (equal to test operator), 149
-eq (integer comparison operator), 121
equal sign (=)
== (equal to operator), 148
string comparison operator, 114
textual completion, vi, 44
ERR signal, 225, 226
error, standard, 14, 167, 178
ESC-! command, emacs, 35
ESC-$ command, emacs, 34
ESC-. command, emacs, 35, 36
ESC-/ command, emacs, 34
ESC-< command, emacs, 31
ESC-> command, emacs, 31
ESC-? command, emacs, 34
ESC-@ command, emacs, 34
ESC-_ command, emacs, 35, 36
ESC-~ command, emacs, 34
ESC command, vi, 36
ESC-B command, emacs, 30
ESC-C command, emacs, 35
ESC-CTRL-H command, emacs, 30
ESC-D command, emacs, 30
ESC-DEL command, emacs, 30
ESC-F command, emacs, 30
ESC-L command, emacs, 35, 36
ESC-TAB command, emacs, 35
ESC-U command, emacs, 35
EUID environment variable, 292
eval command, 186-196, 289
event designators, 47
examples, xi
in bash archive, 268, 272
(see album example)
(see copy file example)
(see directory listing example)
(see disk space usage example)
(see electronic mail example)
(see graphics utility example)
(see killalljobs example)
(see Korn cd example)
(see ls by dates example)
(see ls example)
(see mail example)
(see mail header lines, deleting, example)
(see make utility example)
(see multiple copies example)
(see popd function example)
(see printer file filter example)
(see pushd directory stack example)
(see pushd function example)
(see selection sort example)
(see standard error and output file example)
examples directory, bash archive, 268
exclamation point (!)
!= (not equal to operator), 149
!= (string comparison operator), 114
conditional not operator, 112
debugger command, 236
environment variable, 290
event designators, 47
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
logical not operator, 148
negation operator, 118
negation wildcard, 12
process ID shell variable, 210
exec command, 62, 258, 289
exec statement, 232
execfail shell variable, 62
executable files, 7
execute permission, for scripts, 82
execution tracing, 241
exit command, 6, 211, 289
EXIT signal, 225
exit statement, 115
exit status of commands, 108-111
combining, 112-113
reversing, 112
expand-tilde variable, readline, 52
export command, 75, 76, 289
extglob shell option, 99
F[ Top ]
F command, vi, 43
f command, vi, 43
-f (file attribute operator), 117
fake signals, 224-229, 277
fc command, 28, 45-47, 270, 289
-e option, 46
-l option, 45
-m option, 46
-n option, 46
-s option, 47
-v option, 46
FCEDIT environment variable, 46, 65, 292
fg command, 199, 270, 289
FIGNORE environment variable, 292
file attribute checking, 117-121
file attribute operators, 117
file command, 251
file descriptors, 163, 167
filename completion, emacs editing mode, 34
filenames, 7
special handling of, 270
wildcards in, 10-13
files
default permissions for, 255
limits on, 255-257
overwriting, 164
overwriting with output redirection, not allowing, 61
permissions for, 255
reading lines from, 174
redirecting output to, 14
specifiying on command line, 265
temporary, 211
types of, 7
(see also I/O)
filtering utilities, 15
find command, 22
flow control
break statement, 133
case statement, 128-131
exit statement, 115
for statement, 122-128
if statement, 108
select statement, 131-134
select statements, 131
until statement, 134-136
while statement, 134-136
(see also conditions)
flow control statements, 107
folders, 10
fonts used in this book, xiii
for statement, 122-128
arithmetic, 155, 159-161
configuring, 270
foreground jobs, 18
bringing background jobs to, 199
sending foreground jobs to background, 200
formatted output (see printf command)
Fox, Brian, 4
FSF (Free Software Foundation), 4, 267
full pathname, 8
FUNCNAME environment variable, 292
functions, 83-85
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
compared to scripts, 84
declaring variables as function names, 145
defined, listing, 84
defining, 84
deleting, 84
displaying list of, 145
examples in archive for, 273
exit status of, specifying, 111
global, 258
global variables of, 87
Korn support, 280
loadable built-in functions, 304-308
local variables in, 88
local variables of, 87
naming, 265
order of precedence for, 84
popd function example, 103-106
positional parameters in, 87
pushd function example, 103-106
readline editing interface, 50
return values of, 111
traps and, 209
G[ Top ]
g command, debugger, 236
G command, vi, 41, 42
-G (file attribute operator), 117
Garfinkel, Simson (Practical UNIX and Internet Security), 260
-ge (greater than or equal to test operator), 149
-ge (integer comparison operator), 121
getopt command, Bourne shell, 277
getopts command, 140, 289
global customization, 257
global variables, 87
globbing, 12
disabling, 61
extended operators for, 99
ignoring files for, 292
GLOBIGNORE environment variable, 292
GNU Copyleft for bash, 268
GNU project, 4
GNU tools for MS-DOS, 283
graphical user interface (GUI), 2
graphics utility example, 97, 142-145, 189
greater than sign (>)
>> (bit-shift right operator), 147
>= (greater than or equal to operator), 148
>& (output redirection), 163, 167
>&- (output redirection), 163
>> (output redirection), 162
>| (output redirection), 163, 164
greater than operator, 148
output redirection, 16, 162
string comparison operator, 114
grep command, 15, 100
GROUPS environment variable, 292
-gt (greater than test operator), 149
-gt (integer comparison operator), 121
guest accounts, restricted shell for, 258
GUI (graphical user interface), 2
gunzip utility, 268
H[ Top ]
h command, debugger, 236
h command, vi, 37, 38, 41
hangup (HUP) signal, 212
hard limits, 257
hash command, 72, 289
hash mark (#)
## (pattern-matching operator), 96
array element length operator, 158
comments, 93
environment variable, 87, 290
length operator, 99
pattern matching operator, 96
pattern-matching operator, 106
prepend comment, 45
printf flag, 172
hash tables, 62, 72
hashall shell option, 73
head utility, 93
header files, for built-in functions, 306
help
for bash, 273
for built-in functions, 306
help command, 26, 270, 276, 289
here-documents, 163, 164-167
hidden files, 10
histappend shell option, 62
histchars environment variable, 294
HISTCMD environment variable, 64, 65, 292
HISTCONTROL environment variable, 64, 65, 292
HISTFILE environment variable, 28, 64, 292
HISTFILESIZE environment variable, 64, 65, 292
HISTIGNORE environment variable, 64, 65, 292
history command, 270, 289
history of commands, 27, 28
appending to, 62
displaying, 289
emacs editing mode, 31
expansion commands, 47
fc command, 28, 45-47
multiple-line commands in, 62
size of, 65
time stamp for, 66
vi editing mode, 41-42
HISTSIZE environment variable, 64, 65, 292
HISTTIMEFORMAT environment variable, 65, 66, 292
home directory, 8, 9, 74
HOME environment variable, 74, 75, 292
horizontal-scroll-mode variable, readline, 52
HOSTFILE environment variable, 292
hostname completion, emacs editing mode, 34
HOSTNAME environment variable, 293
HOSTTYPE environment variable, 293
HUP (hangup) signal, 212
hyphen (-)
-- (decrement operator), 147
append word, vi, 45
environment variable, 290
preceding options, 7
printf flag, 172
subtraction operator, 147
vi command, 41
I[ Top ]
I command, vi, 39
i command, vi, 39
IEEE POSIX 1003.2 shell, 275, 278-280
$if directive, readline, 51
if statement, 108
IFS environment variable, 86, 90, 123, 292
ignoredups option, 65
IGNOREEOF environment variable, 293
ignoreeof shell option, 61
indices of array elements, 157
indirect expansion, 194
infinite loops, guarding against, 257
infinite recursion, 110
input
from user, reading, 178
standard, 14, 167, 253
(see also I/O)
input files, as command-line arguments, 265
input mode, vi editing mode, 36, 39
input redirection (see I/O redirection)
input-meta variable, readline, 52
INPUTRC environment variable, 50, 293
.inputrc file, 28, 50-52
INT (interrupt) signal, 202, 208
integer comparisons, 121
integer variables (see arithmetic variables)
interactive processes, 215
interactive use of bash, 6
internal field separator (IFS), 86, 90
interprocess communication (IPC), 202
interrupt (INT) signal, 202
interrupt key, 25
I/O, 14-17
background I/O, 19
for strings, 168-180
I/O redirection, 14, 16, 162-168
Bourne shell support, 277
exec command with, 232
files overwritten with, not allowing, 61
in restricted shell, 258
list of redirectors, 298
multiple commands and, 175
pdksh support, 281
I/O-intensive processes, 215
IPC (interprocess communication), 202
iteration, 122
J[ Top ]
j command, vi, 41
job control, 5, 17-20, 198-201
Bourne shell support, 277
bringing background job to foreground, 199
configuring, 270
foreground jobs, 18
listing running jobs, 199
priority of jobs, 20
resuming suspended jobs, 201
sending foreground jobs to background, 200
suspending jobs, 200
job number, 198
jobs command, 18, 199, 270, 289
Bourne shell not supporting, 276
-l option, 199
-n option, 199
-p option, 199, 204
-r option, 199
-s option, 199
-x option, 199
Joy, Bill, 3
K[ Top ]
k command, vi, 41
key bindings, readline, 50, 52
keymap variable, readline, 52
keywords, processing on command line, 180
kill command, 202, 203, 208, 289
KILL signal, 202
killalljobs example, 204
Korn cd example, 130
Korn shell (see ksh)
ksh (Korn shell), ix, 3
compared to bash, 280
public domain version of (pdksh), 281
L[ Top ]
l command, vi, 37, 41
LANG environment variable, 293
LC_ALL environment variable, 293
LC_COLLATE environment variable, 293
LC_CTYPE environment variable, 293
LC_MESSAGES environment variable, 293
LC_NUMERIC environment variable, 293
-le (integer comparison operator), 121
-le (less than or equal to test operator), 149
Learning the UNIX Operating System (Peek, Todino, Strang), x
length operator, 99
less than sign (<)
<< (bit-shift left operator), 147
<< (here-document), 163, 164-167
<& (input redirection), 163
<&- (input redirection), 163
<> (input/output redirection), 163
<= (less than or equal to operator), 148
input redirection>, 162
less than operator, 148
redirecting input, 16
string comparison operator, 114
let command, 150, 289
line continuation character, 23, 179
LINENO environment variable, 223, 233, 293
LINES environment variable, 76, 79
lists, in for statement, 122
lithist shell option, 62
loadable built-in functions, 304-308
local command, 88, 277, 289
local statement, 88
local variables, 87, 88, 146
logging in, files read during, 56
logging out
CTRL-D for, disabling, 61
files executed during, 57
logical operators, 112, 118, 148
login directory, 8
(see also home directory)
login shell
bash acting as, 254
changing, 272
installing bash as, 5, 272
logout command, 6, 289
loop variable, 122
looping construct
arithmetic for statement, 155, 159-161
for statement, 122-128
until statement, 134-136
while statement, 134-136
ls by dates example, 102
ls command, 10
-a option, 10
-F option, 58
-l option, 10
-R option, 125
ls example, 119
-lt (integer comparison operator), 121
-lt (less than test operator), 149
M[ Top ]
MACHTYPE environment variable, 293
macros, readline editing interface, 50
mail
notification if already read, 62
shell variables for, 67-69
MAIL environment variable, 68, 75, 293
mail example, 102
mail header lines, deleting, example, 165-167
MAIL shell variable, 68
MAILCHECK environment variable, 68, 293
MAILPATH environment variable, 68, 293
mailwarn shell option, 62
make command, 269
make install script, 270
make script, 269
make tests command, 271
make utility example, 188
MANIFEST file, bash archive, 268
mark-directories variable, readline, 52
mark-modified-lines variable, readline, 52
memory, size limitations, 255
menus, select statement for, 131
metacharacters, processing on command line, 180
meta-flag variable, readline, 52
MKS Toolkit (Mortice Kern Systems), 283
more command, 16
MS-DOS, GNU tools for, 283
multibyte character support, 270
multiple copies example, 216
multitasking, user-controlled, 197
N[ Top ]
N command, vi, 41
n command, vi, 41, 42
-N (file attribute operator), 117
-n (string comparison operator), 114
named pipes, 219
navigating directories, 9
ndu (disk space usage) example, 151-152
-ne (integer comparison operator), 121
-ne (not equal to test operator), 149
negating wildcards, 12
nested subshells, 218
NetPBM utility package, 116, 143
pnmcat utility, 195
pnmmargin utility, 143
pnmnlfilt utility, 191
pnmscale utility, 143
pnmtext utility, 195
NEWS file, bash archive, 268
newsgroups for bash, 274
nice command, 20
noclobber shell option, 61
noglob shell option, 61
nohup command, 212
nounset shell option, 61
nroff test formatter, 269
-nt (file attribute operator), 118
numbered parameter names (see positional parameters)
O[ Top ]
O command, vi, 37
-O (file attribute operator), 117
-o (logical operator), 118
OLDPWD environment variable, 74, 293
one-dimensional arrays, 280
online help, 26
operators
arithmetic operators, 147
assignment, 150
for conditions
arithmetic operators, 121, 149
file attribute operators, 117
string comparison operators, 114
logical operators, 148
relational operators, 148
string operators, 91-99
OPTARG environment variable, 142, 293
OPTERR environment variable, 293
OPTIND environment variable, 142, 293
options (see command-line options)
order of precedence
for aliases, 84
for commands, 84
for functions, 84
for scripts, 84
in arithmetic expressions, 147
overriding, 184
POSIX, 279
O'Reilly contact information, xiv
orphan processes, 207
OSTYPE environment variable, 293
-ot (file attribute operator), 118
output
standard, 14, 167, 188
(see also I/O)
output files, as command-line options, 265
output redirection (see I/O redirection)
output-meta variable, readline, 52
P[ Top ]
P command, vi, 41
p command, vi, 41
parallelization, 216-217
parameters, positional (see positional parameters)
parameters (see arguments)
parent directory, 10
parentheses (())
((...)) (arithmetic test), 150, 266, 270
command substitution, 100
grouping conditional operators, 118
in arithmetic expressions, 148
nested subshells, 218
PATH environment variable, 71, 75, 258, 293
pathname expansion, 13
pathnames, 8
expansion of, 182
tilde (~) notation, 9
wildcards for, 10
pattern matching operators, 95-98
Bourne shell support, 277
extended, 99
pbmtext utility, 195
PC platforms, shells for, 282
pdksh (Public Domain Korn shell), 281
Peek, Jerry (Learning the UNIX Operating System), x
percent sign (%)
%? (job containing string), 200
%% (job most recently put in background), 200
%+ (job most recently put in background), 200
%- (job second-most recently put in background), 200
%% (pattern-matching operator), 96, 106
job numbers, 199
modulus operator, 147
pattern-matching operator, 96
printf format specifiers, 171, 173
word designator, 48
permissions, 255
default, 255
for scripts, 82
PID (process ID), 198, 205
determining, 204
shell variable containing, 210
pipe character (^), 251, 276
pipe character (|), 162, 180
pipelines, 15, 16
as coroutines, 214
in command line processing, 180
named pipes, 219
system calls invoked by, 214
PIPESTATUS environment variable, 293
plus sign (+)
++ (increment operatro), 147
addition operator, 147
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
printf flag, 172
vi command, 41
xtrace output, 223
PNM (Portable Anymap) format, 116, 143
pnmcat utility, 195
pnmmargin utility, NetPBM, 143
pnmnlfilt utility, NetPBM, 191
pnmscale utility, NetPBM, 143
point, emacs editing mode, 29
popd command, 270, 289
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
Korn not supporting, 281
-N option, 155
+n option, 152
popd function example, 103-106, 152-155
Portable Anymap (PNM) format, 116, 143
positional parameters, 86-88
assignments using, 138
command-line options and, 137-145
in functions, 87
POSIX, bash using, 252, 254
POSIX regular expressions, 270
POSIX shell, 186, 275, 278-280
POSIXLY_CORRECT environment variable, 293
pound sign (see hash mark)
PPID environment variable, 294
Practical UNIX and Internet Security (Spafford, Garfinkel), 260
precedence (see order of precedence)
print command, Korn, 280
printer file filter example, 97
printf command, 170-173
Bourne shell support, 277
flags for, 172
format specifiers for, 171, 173
priority of jobs, 20
privileged mode, 260
procedures (see functions)
process ID (PID), 198
determining, 204
shell variable containing, 210
process substitution, 219, 270
processes
listing information about, 204-207
parallelization of, 216-217
simultaneous (coroutines), 214-217
system resources used by, 215
zombies or orphans, 207
(see also signals)
profile, 56
customizing, 254-258
environment file and, 79
environment variables in, 76
ignoring, 254
restricted, 259
.profile file, 57
programmable completion, 271, 309-312
programming language, choosing, 266
programming, shell (see scripts)
programs (see executable files)
prompt string customizations, 287
PROMPT_COMMAND environment variable, 293
prompting shell variables, 69-71
ps command, 204-207
-a option, 205
-ax option, 207
-e option, 207
PS1 environment variable, 69, 257, 270, 293
PS2 environment variable, 69, 270, 293
PS3 environment variable, 69, 270, 293
PS4 environment variable, 69, 223, 270, 281, 294
pushd command, 270, 289
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
Korn not supporting, 281
-N option, 155
+n option, 152
pushd directory stack example, 132
pushd function example, 103-106, 109, 152-155
pwd command, 9, 289
PWD environment variable, 74, 75, 294
Q[ Top ]
q command, debugger, 236
question mark (?)
debugger command, 236
environment variable, 111, 290
extended pattern-matching operator, 99
vi command, 41
wildcard, 11
QUIT signal, 202
quoting
$@ and $* strings, 90
* (asterisk) environment variable, 90
@ (at sign) environment variable, 90
alias definition, 59
arithmetic expressions, 146
command substitution, 100
command-line processing and, 183
guidelines for, 146
in assignments, 150
RETURN key, 23
shell variables and, 63
special characters, 21
R[ Top ]
R command, vi, 39
-r (file attribute operator), 117
Ramey, Chet, 4
RANDOM environment variable, 226, 294
range wildcard notation, 11
rbash command, 271
read command, 173-180, 289
-a option, 179
Bourne shell support, 277
continuation character for, 179
-e option, 179
in while loop, 175
-p option, 179
-r option, 179
reading lines from files, 174
reading user input, 178
-s option, 180
-t option, 180
readline editing interface, 49-53
conditionals, 51
editing and history capabilities, 271
functions, 50
key bindings, 52
macros, 50
programmable completion and, 271
startup file, 50-52
variables, 51
readline variable, 28
README file, bash archive, 268, 269
readonly command, 146, 289
read-only variables, declaring, 145, 146
recursion, 125
recursion, infinite, 110
recursive aliases, 59, 182
regular files, 7
relational operators, 148, 149
relative pathname, 8
REPLY environment variable, 173, 233, 294
reserved words, list of, 288-290
resources (see books)
restricted shell, 253, 258, 271
return command, 289
RETURN key, 36
CTRL-M equivalent for, 24
quoting, 23
RETURN signal, 225, 228
return statement, 111, 277
return values of functions, 111
Reverse Polish Notation (RPN), 177, 194
root, 7
RPN (Reverse Polish Notation), 177, 194
S[ Top ]
s command, debugger, 236, 237
-s (file attribute operator), 117
scripts, 81-83
comments in, 93, 261
examples in archive for, 273
execute permission for, 82
functions in, 83-85
good practices for, 261-266
options for, guidelines, 263-265
order of precedence for, 84
potential problems with, 265
running, 81
running as background job, 82
running in subshells, 82
when not to use bash for, 266
whitespace in, 265
SECOND environment variable, 74
SECONDS environment variable, 294
security, 258-260
PATH variable and, 72
privileged mode, 260
restricted shell, 258
suid bit and, 259
system break-in scenario, 259
Trojan horses, 260
sed command, 15
select statement, 131-134, 271
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
POSIX support, 279
selection sort example, 159-161
semicolon (;), 115
statement separator, 115
vi command, 43
set command, 289
Bourne shell support, 276
debugging options for, 222-224
displaying settings of, 61
emacs option, 28, 61
functrace option, 228, 229
ignoreeof option, 61
-k option, 76
noclobber option, 61, 164
noexec option, 222, 224
noglob option, 61
nounset option, 61
-o and +o options, 60
options for, list of, 295
options for, setting on bash command line, 253, 285
pdksh support, 281
posix option, 252
privileged option, 260
-r option, 259
verbose option, 222
vi option, 28, 61
xtrace option, 222, 223
set user ID (suid) bit, 259
set wildcard construct, 11
sh (Bourne shell), 3
compared to bash, 276
compatibility with bash, 251
shared object compilation, 307
SHELL environment variable, 5, 76, 78, 258, 294
shell execution directive, 265
shell programming (see scripts)
shell scripts (see scripts)
shell variables, 62-64, 86
arithmetic, 150-155
attributes of, 145-146
braces syntax for, 90
built-in, 64-74
built-in, list of, 290-294
checking value of, 63
command substitution in, 99-103
containing process ID, 210
converting to environment variables, 75
declaring as arrays, 145
declaring as function names, 145
declaring as integers, 145, 146
defining, 62
deleting, 63
displaying list of, with values, 145
exporting to environment, 145, 146
for command-line editing, 64-67
for mail, 67-69
for prompting, 69-71
in arithmetic expressions, 146
naming, 263, 265
not supported by Bourne shell, 276
positional parameters, 86-88
quoting, 63
reading values into, 173-180
read-only, 145, 146
string operators for, 91-99
using in commands, 63
value of, as name of another variable, 194
SHELLOPTS environment variable, 294
shells, ix, 1, 2
Bourne (sh), 3, 251, 276
C shell (csh), x, 3
determining which shell is in use, 5
history of, 3
IEEE POSIX 1003.2, 275, 278-280
Korn (ksh), ix, 3, 280
login shell, 5, 254, 272
on PC platforms, 282
Public Domain Korn (pdksh), 281
restricted, 253, 258, 271
standard shell, ix, 251
subshells, 217-219
Tenex C (tcsh), ix
zsh, 282
(see also bash)
shift command, 138-140, 289
SHLVL environment variable, 294
shopt command, 61
Bourne shell support, 276
extdebug option, 229
options for, list of, 297-298
options on bash command line for, 253
show-all-if-ambiguous variable, readline, 52
signals, 201-207
control-key signals, 202
fake, 224-229
ignoring, 212
kill command, 203
listing, 202
POSIX support, 279
trapping, 207-214
single quotes (')
around special characters, 21
command line processing of, 183
enclosing RETURN, 23
in alias definition, 59
when to use, 100, 147
slash (/)
// (pattern-matching and replacement operator), 96
division operator, 147
in restricted shell, 258
pattern-matching and replacement operator, 96
vi command, 41
soft limits, 257
sort command, 15, 238
-n option, 92
-r option, 92
source command, 56, 81
Spafford, Gene (Practical UNIX and Internet Security), 260
special characters, 20-25
backslash-escaping, 22
control keys, 24
quoting, 21
Stallman, Richard, 4
standard error, 14
file descriptor for, 167
prompts sent to, 178
saving to a file, 167
standard error and output file example, 167, 188
standard input, 14
file descriptor for, 167
reading commands from, 253
standard output, 14
file descriptor for, 167
saving to a file, 167, 188
standard shell, ix, 251
statement separator, 115
status (see exit status of commands)
stepping, in debugger, 230, 236, 237
Strang, John (Learning the UNIX Operating System), x
string comparisons, 113-117
string I/O, 168-180
string operators, 91-99
comparison, 114
extended pattern matching operators, 99
length operator, 99
pattern matching operators, 95-98
substitution operators, 91-95
stty command, 24, 202
subprocesses
environment settings known to, 75-79
(see also background jobs)
subroutines (see functions)
subshells, 217-219
environment variables in, 83
inheritance of, 218
nested, 218
scripts running in, 82
substitution operators, 91-95
substring expansion, 92
suid (set user ID) bit, 259
suspend command, 289
switch statement, 128
system administration, 251
bash command options for, 253
configuring and building bash, 269-271
customizing environment, 254-258
global customization, 257
installing bash as login shell, 272
installing bash as standard shell, 251
obtaining bash, 267
switching bash to POSIX mode, 252
unpacking bash archive, 268
system calls, pipelines invoking, 214
System V, ps command, 206
T[ Top ]
T command, vi, 43
t command, vi, 43
TAB command, emacs, 33
tar utility, 268
tcsh (Tenex C shell), ix
tee command, 168
temporary files, 211
Tenex C shell (see tcsh)
TERM environment variable, 75, 76, 77, 174
TERM (terminate) signal, 203
terminal stop (TSTP) signal, 202
terminate (TERM) signal, 203
terminfo database, 77
test command, 113, 289
test operators, list of, 294-295
text files (see regular files)
textual completion, 309-312
emacs editing mode, 33-35
programmable, 271
vi editing mode, 44
thrashing, 216
tilde (~)
bitwise not operator, 148
home directory, 182
in pathnames, 9, 276
invert case, vi, 45
username completion, 34
time command, 270
time stamp for command history, 66
TIMEFORMAT environment variable, 294
times command, 290
TMOUT environment variable, 257, 294
Todino, Grace (Learning the UNIX Operating System), x
tokens, processing on command line, 180
tr command, 15
tracing, execution, 241
trap command, 207-214, 290
- argument, 213
debugging with, 225
fake signals and, 224-229
ignoring signals using, 212
with exit command, 211
traps
fake signals for, 224
functions and, 209
resetting, 213
tree, 7
troff format, 269
Trojan horses, protecting against, 260
true command, 208
TSTP (terminal stop) signal, 202
tty built-in, 304
type command, 72, 85, 290
-a option, 85
Bourne shell not supporting, 277
-f option, 85
Korn not supporting, 280
-P option, 85
-p option, 85
-t option, 85
typed variables, 145-146
typeset command, 145, 290
U[ Top ]
u command, vi, 40
UID environment variable, 294
ulimit command, 255-257, 277, 290
umask command, 255, 277, 290
unalias command, 60, 290
UNIX shells (see shells)
unset command, 63, 84, 159, 290
until statement, 134-136
user input, reading, 178
user interfaces, 2
user-controlled multitasking, 197
username completion, emacs editing mode, 34
UWIN package (AT&T), 284
V[ Top ]
variables
in cd command, 62
undefined, not allowing, 61
variables, environment (see environment variables)
variables, shell (see shell variables)
version of bash, determining, 74, 254
versions of bash, ix, 4
vertical bar (|)
|| (logical or operator), 112, 118, 149
bitwise or operator, 147
extended pattern matching, 99
in case statement, 129
pipe, 16, 162, 180
vi command, 44
vi editing mode, 36-45
character-finding commands, 43
commands conflicting with terminal interface control keys, 28
commands for, list of, 302
control mode commands, 37
deletion commands, 40
history list, 41-42
input mode commands, 39
selecting, 28, 61
textual completion, 44
when to use, 53
vi shell option, 61
visible-stats variable, readline, 52
VISUAL environment variable, 75
W[ Top ]
W command, vi, 37, 38
w command, vi, 37, 38
-w (file attribute operator), 117
wait command, 215, 290
whence command, 6, 280
whereis command, 6
which command, 6
while statement, 134-136
getopts command used with, 141-142
with read command, 175
whitespace in scripts, 265
who command, 102
wildcard expansion, 12
wildcards
in aliases, 59
in filenames, 10-13
not expanding, 61
word designators, 48
words, in command, 2
working directory, 8, 9, 74
X[ Top ]
x command, debugger, 236
X command, vi, 40
x command, vi, 40
-x (file attribute operator), 117
Z[ Top ]
-z (string comparison operator), 114
zero (0) printf flag, 172
zero (0) word designator, 48
zombie processes, 207
zsh shell, 282
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